How to Copy and Paste

Below is a free essay on â€Å"Copy And Paste† from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. Behind every great man is a beautiful, charming maiden who holds his heart. What if this woman was not absorbed with taking care of his heart but was completely absorbed with money, reputation, and her own needs. In Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, Mrs. Daisy Fay Buchanan is the object of affection or the â€Å"rock of [Gatsby's] world. â€Å"(99) All Daisy's life she has wanted to be noticed, to be heard, and to be loved. However, when everything she has always anted is being held in her hands, in the form of Gatsby, Daisy chooses money as her form of happiness ultimately leading to her misery. Daisy's action and choices are extremely defined by her â€Å"East egg† way of life, which is a representation of old money and high class society within the novel. In short, Daisy thinks with her wallet instead of using her common sense, her he ad, or her heart. When reading the novel â€Å"it [seems]†¦the thing for Daisy to do [is] to [leave Tom], child in arms†(20) but unfortunately â€Å"there are no such intentions in her head†.The reason being, Tom is her financial prov†¦ †¦ middle of paper †¦ †¦ aisy is the definition of charm and beauty, she will never allow herself to hold his heart. Daisy's love for money, her reputation, and her own needs have ultimately led to her down fall. Daisy chose to marry Tom and his wealth over being Gatsby's foundation of love. Daisy believed money would give her the attention, giver her the voice, and give her the love she wanted all her life. However, all she has received from pursuing money is misery. Works Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby

Present complex internal business information Essay

P2: present complex internal business information using three different methods appropriate to the users needs. Four methods of business communication Written communication: Written communication involves any type of interaction that makes use of the written word. It is one of the two main types of communication, along with oral/spoken communication. Written communication is very common in business situations and they use this type of communication a lot. Written communication includes reports, orders, memos, instructions, rules, policies, agreements, and minutes. Visual Communication: Visual communication is direct face-to-face communication between two or more individuals. Speeches, presentations, discussions, meetings are all forms of oral communication. Face-to-face communication is very easy and useful and you could build a rapport and get people to gain trust in you. Verbal Communication: Verbal communication has more to do with listening than speaking because you are always dealing with an audience. It is one way to communicate with someone face-to-face. Telephone conversations are very useful for this type of communication. People who use verbal communication can share their feelings, thoughts, and emotions by way of them communicating. Staff and students in CCA use this communication every day. Non-Verbal Communication: Non- verbal communication is any kind of communication not involving words. When the term is used, most people think of facial expressions and gestures, but while these are important essentials of nonverbal communication, they are not the only ones. Nonverbal communication can include vocal sounds that are not words such as grunts, sighs, and whimpers. Even when actual words are being used, there are nonverbal sounds such as voice tone, pacing of speech and so forth. When you use non-verbal communication you can use your hands to move them around or your body to get the message across without saying a word. CCA exam results: When students are in year 11 they start to take their GCSE exams in the summer. This will give them opportunities for what they want to use at college or sixth form. However, CCA need to provide students with their results they using a document to present their exam results. After students have taken their exams the exam board will sent a document of all the grades they have achieved in their exams. This document will be given to the students so they know what grade they have got. CCA will provide a certificate to the students who have passed their exam. This certificate will be proof that they have passed it and it can be shown when they apply for sixth forms, colleges or even at a job interview. The document includes the name of the exam they have taken, the board they have taken it in for example EDEXEL or AQA, the exam number, the time of the time, the date of the exam and the duration of the exam. This exam result document will also include all the students’ personal information, for example date of birth and full name. The document is not very attractive; it is just a simple piece of paper that has all the information about the exam. It is very easy and simple to read. There is nothing fancy in the document. However, the certificate CCA make for all students when they pass the example is very attractive and it is made out of very hard paper which shows affection as CCA will put a lot of work just to make one certificate perfect. For CCA to make the exam result documents they had to use couple of methods to make it work. They used web based to make a suitable and presentable design to put on the certificate. Students feel very nervous when they are getting their exam results. They do not mostly care about what it looks like; they just rush to know what grades they got as it can change their life. This is why CCA do not spend much time making these documents as students will not pay attention to anything apart from their grade. The improvement CCA could make would be to make the document more interesting and colourful. This would make the document more interesting and attractive. I think using a document is the right type of method to use as all they are getting is there exam result it does not need to be presented or any other sort. So I personally thing document is the perfect method. For my report above, I have chosen to use a document. The reason for this is because it is a much easier way to present my report out. I think using a report is one of the best methods. This is because it takes less time to use it and it looks very smart and professional without adding any colour objects or font. It is also easier for my teacher to read it. The font is also very clear which means my teacher will not have any problem reading it.

What is the definition of policy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is the definition of policy - Coursework Example licies have had a significant impact on the nursing field worldwide since she was among the first to offer or advocate for a full public health care system. Clear and well thought out policies are vital especially in times of rapid change in the health care field to advocate for improved communication within organizations so as to advance public health. Policies determine the care accorded to families, communities or individuals when accessing health care services. Thus, policy is primarily defined as a course of action which is followed by an institution, government or business to achieve the desired goal. According to Parahoo (2014) health policy is defined as both the private and public policies which are directly linked to the provision of health services. The primary purpose for the formulation of policies is to safeguard the health of the public. Thus, policies basically serve as a management tool for risk management while promoting health. McDonald (2006) states that Nightingale’s holistic approach to the concept of health focused on critical elements that mainly influenced health. These are good child care, safe childbirth, good nutrition, decent housing and access to clean air and water. Thus, policies enhance and increases safety in nursing practice (parahoo,

Burberry Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Burberry Case Study - Essay Example Then the beginning was good, and facilitated further purchase in also other countries of Europe and the world. As the phrase on finance says, â€Å"Capital is added to capital†. Then by raising its production, Burberry proceeded to more investments, being able to increase its profits, by keeping quality, starting to produce more items in a variety of goods, such s perfumes, and several kinds of accessories as well as increasing production variety of its initial goods. Then this gave Burberry the chance to expand to markets all over the world, and throughout year’s conquest the whole world, by multiplying its funds. Some other factors, like production of military uniforms, before the I World War indeed, contributed to creating some favouring circumstances for potential customers, that increased by the years. Also and most important, there have been some keen managers, really interested in the job, who also, managed to create a changing mentality of people and potential b uyers, under the dominating scheme and emblem that not only prosperous and wealthy ones, should be able to have access to the wonderful and exceptional products of Burberry, but more or less any buyer of middle class should be able to afford Burberry’s products. ... Also some other implementations such as SAP and it’s strategies proposed included in IT technologies investments, and moreover and most important, the ability of Burberry to adapt to new market conditions all the time, throughout its organized marketing managements as above have contributed not only to its survival but also its constant growth and development. 2. Explain the criteria and the different segmentation methods which can be used by Burberry (10 marks). Burberry an established brand in clothes, accessories and perfumes, should focus on an organized marketing management in order to assure its position in the global market. Criteria should be focused on axes of management, such as enhancement of retail sales, and the appropriate training of staff, implementation of e-commerce and sales online, for example by SAP and IT technologies, a well balanced system between wholesales and retails, as well as a balanced system of sales of products across global markets, by concent rating, on meeting needs of consumers in every country, by adapting prices. Also, new policies would consist in good and proper advertising and always new products to be manufactured, by keeping quality of old ones, thus adapting its development to meeting market requirements of nowadays. In fact quality criteria, as above should substitute some criteria based on quantity, and vice versa, strategies, on production of quantity, should replace some criteria of quality, so both will be well balanced, and adapted to consumer psychology, be being able to ‘’convince consumers of their â€Å"personal interest† to buying Burberry’s good s and products. Thus segmentation, in terms of both quality and quantity criteria, would give the impression, that Burberry is a brand

Insanity defense Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Insanity defense - Term Paper Example 249). This defense has posed an insoluble problem to the criminal justice system – Contrary to the criminal law which seeks to punish the criminal; the insanity defense seeks to excuse the criminal of responsibility (Fersch, 2005). Affirming the crucial importance of criminal intent in defining a crime, this term paper contends that insanity defense is morally justified and necessary because without this justice may be unwittingly denied. Insanity Defenses The recognition and standard of insanity defense vary across states and have changed through the years: From the M’Naghten rule (1841) to the introduction of Diminished Responsibility (1866) and to the Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984. (Reznek, 1997; Fersch, 2005) These changes did not abolish neither weaken the insanity defense, but instead further rationalized its justness as can be deduced from its five categories. First, the cognitive defense asserts that the offender is not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) because his mental illness prevents him from knowing the wrongfulness of his act. This defense must prove that at the time of the criminal act, the defendant must have been damaged by a mental illness to a point that the defendant did not know what he was doing and that what he was doing was wrong. Second, the volitional defense asserts that the offender is NGRI because his mental illness prevents him from controlling his impulses, causing him to act criminally. This defense though not widely accepted is used in crimes of passion. Third, the causal defense asserts that the offender is NGRI because his mental illness causes him does the criminal act unconsciously. This defense may apply in automatism cases where a person may have purposefully committed a crime in an unconscious state. For example, Simon Fraser in his sleep walking unknowingly battered his son to death while dreaming that he was defending himself against a wild beast. Fourth, the character change defense asserts that the offender is NGRI because his mental illness changes his moral character causing his criminal act. Here, the defendant’s decent character must be proven, showing that his wrongful act is clearly out of his character. And fifth, the diminished capacity defense asserts that the offender is NGRI because his mental illness reduces his culpability for committing the crime. This defense may not necessarily exonerate the defendant from criminal liability but can reduce the quality of the crime and hence the sentence. (Reznek 1997) This defense, Williams (1983) clarifies, is judged based on the morality of the case rather than psychiatric findings that its success relies more on getting the sympathy of jurors (as cited in Reznek, 1997, p. 278). These categories of insanity defense emphasize the incapacitating impact of mental illness on the moral judgment of the defendant causing his criminal act. Since criminal responsibility requires moral culpability and since justice demands t he punishment of evil ones, then insanity defense is justified (Reznek, 1997). Therefore, insanity defense is not only an excuse to avoid punishment but is essential to ensure the integrity of the criminal law. To abolish insanity defense may compromise criminal justice. Temporary Insanity The temporary insanity defense is an excuse doctrine that concerns the blameworthiness of the actor. Unlike conventional insanity

Respond to Taxation No Tyranny Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Respond to Taxation No Tyranny - Assignment Example The other would be that as humanity is uniform so do Americans resemble Europeans in such a manner. The protagonists have also made claims that the ancestors yielded to such tyranny as they had no right to vote or either gave up their rights for certain benefits such as being protected by the law and thus the colonists have exactly that which was passed on to them by the ancestors (Johnson 1775). The attempt to gain independence has been viewed as a progressive disobedience that started as dispute to paying of taxes and has grown to questioning of legislation. This leaves the colonialist with options that are limited to either yield to the demands or to combat the uprising. With the relentless nature of the colonist the latter has an upper hand, in other words resigning of dominion is impossible but reinstating it by force is inevitable. Furthermore the colonialist feels that such drum beats of independence must not rise from such a people as those who are enslavers of other races such as Negroes (Johnson 1775). The zeal with which these claims have been put across is outstanding, but the knowledge behind them is wanting; another display of leaping without thinking. The colonialist ought to know that times have changed and only a man who supports stagnation and stunted growth would support subjection of America to the Britain. To tell the Americans to continue under the tyranny of colonization given that that is what the ancestors passed on to them is a sheer display of cowardice towards change and exposure to the deficiencies of status quo. Every American is grateful at what the ancestors did to provide a system that worked in those days. It is indeed true that the Americans resemble Europeans that is why freedom is inevitable in America just as it is in Europe. Our ancestors might have forgone their right to vote and to make legislation for the benefits of being protected by the law, for the nation

Research Proposal on The Rape Shield Law Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

On The Rape Shield Law - Research Proposal Example Despite the purported and perceived protection, which the enforced Rape Shield laws serves to give to the complainants, there may be some flaws in the laws itself, which may prejudice the interests of the defendant. The defendant may not be able to present his side of the story in front of the judge or to provide evidentiary support to prove his innocence in case where previous sexual conduct of the victim is not taken into consideration. Thus, false and unjust incarceration of the defendant may happen. The rape shield laws are deficient in some ways and specific amendments have to be brought into the rape shield laws to provide a fair and just decision to the defendant as well as the victim. Though the rape shield laws is an accepted statute, mainly for the purpose that it seeks to protect the victims of rape, yet, acceptance does not eradicate the contention that rape shield laws may have some inherent deficiencies that needs to be taken care of to make it a more acceptable and fai r form of legislation. The present research paper is devoted to explaining the deficiencies that are inherent in the rape shield laws, which may prejudice the legal rights of the defendant and at times even the victim. The basis of the contention is deficient and vague rape shield laws in different states, constitutional criticism of the rape shield law and failure of the laws to fulfill their purpose in exceptional cases where high profile is involved. 2. Vagueness of Rape Shield laws in Different States The rape shield laws in different States are different. There is no uniform set of laws like the Uniform Commercial Code, which may be applicable to all the states. This increases vagueness of the law itself. Each state has its own set of laws enacted with its own set of exceptions, sometimes distinct from that which is enacted in a particular state and sometimes completely different from other states. For instance, as per the Alabama statute any evidence relating to the past sexua l behavior of the complaining witness is admissible with an exception that evidence shall be admissible, when it is found that past sexual behavior directly involved the participation of the accused. On the other hand, though most states have in one way or another bared the admissibility of the past sexual conduct, however, the exceptions to such restriction is sometime less stringent and in some cases more stringent. In comparison to the exceptions to rape shield laws, which is in force in Alabama , the exceptions in Texas, Utah and Vermont are more stringent, as evidence is acceptable where probative value outweighs danger of unfair prejudice .1 This indicates while defendants in certain jurisdictions get better opportunities to prove their innocence while at other jurisdictions do not. 2. Constitutional criticism There are some inherent deficiencies in the rape shield laws despite its acceptance as an enacted law in all the states of US. The critics who seek to criticize the rape shield laws on the reasoning that it somehow violates the constitution propose that the rape shield laws are deficient in providing a fair trial to the defendant, it violates his right to cross-examine the victim or witnesses, it discriminates between sexes, it is an intrusion of the legislature into the judiciary and thus a violation of the doctrine of separation of powers and it is a vague form of law.2 In the forthcoming cases, the questions which arose to prove the constitutional violation of the rape shield laws were repeatedly nullified by the court. In a case, the question arose that whether not allowing the defendant to raise questions about the

Civil War in Lebanon PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civil War in Lebanon - PowerPoint Presentation Example The aggravation of Arab-Israeli conflict after Six-day war (1967) and the proscription of PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) from Jordan in 1970, the weakness of the Lebanese government in the conditions of the sharp intercommoned conflict, which periodically resulted in civil war, let the UNO turn Southern Lebanon into the base for its actions against Israel (Bregman, 2002: 40). Active assistance of the number of Arabian countries, first of all of Syria, let turn Southern Lebanon in operational and training base for separate fighters and the organizations from other countries, which were recognized by some states as terrorist. The territory, bordering to Northern border of Israel, was fully controlled by PLO and even get the name â€Å"Farahland†. PLO was accused by the government of Lebanon in destruction of the country. Palestinian fighters penetrated the territory of Israel through the territory of Lebanon. Israel recognized the actions of PLO as terrorist acts and attacked the territory of Lebanon in response. Thus, the government of Lebanon appeared in a very difficult situation (Bregman, A and El-Tahri, 1998: 38). Palestinian fighters organized â€Å"a state in a state† where Lebanon’s laws were not in force. Palestinian camps and settlements turned into the site of criminality and terrorism. The population of the South of Lebanon suffered from the crimes of Palestinians, primarily Christians –Maronites and Muslims- Shiites. Muslims decided to use a great number of armed Palestinians to change the governmental system of the country for the benefit of Muslims. Such plans would inevitably limit the rights of the Christians on the territory. The army of Lebanon was traditionally weak, thus the Christians of Lebanon started organizing their own self-defense groups, which often had fights with Palestinian forces. Other religious communities and parties also created their own groups, some of which

Hyphenated American Position Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hyphenated American Position Paper - Essay Example In this way, the Irish-American has found a hyphenated identity through response to American perceptions of his (or her) Irishness. The grim nature of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century perceptions of Irish-Americans can be examined through a look at Nast's 1871 cartoon, reproduced below: Two particular signifiers of Irish-American stereotype are present in this picture. The character holds a bottle in one hand and a gun in the other. The bottle signifies Irish drunkenness, and the gun, violence. These stereotypes are so strongly ingrained that even a Korean-born man like myself can look at these signifiers and interpret them in the way intended by the artist. Further, the writing on the bottle - â€Å"Gun Powder, Uncle Sam's† - signifies that the Irish-Americans support their less than respectable habits with the resources of their new land. Nast also addressed Irish females in a series of cartoons about a servant named Brigid. The actual cartoons are difficult to locate , but a description can be found of her in Bronwen Walter's Outsiders Inside as a â€Å"clownish Irish maid.† (63) These characteristics were among America's first popular perceptions of the Irish-American. The Irish-American had much to contend with in building an identity. ... The narrator of the song applies for a job and is told, â€Å"No Irish need apply,† and the following occurs: I couldn't stand it longer, so a hoult [sic] of him I took, And I gave him such a welting as he'd get at Donnybrook. He hollered, Millia murther, and to get away did try, And swore he'd never write again, No Irish need apply. He made a big apology, I bid him thin [sic] good-bye, Saying: Whin [sic] next you want a bating [sic] write, No Irish need apply. (Poole, 1862) In this stanza, the narrator reclaims ownership of the violence stereotype, but turns it into an expression of pride. The final line signifies the narrator's willingness to stand up for his identity. In reclaiming this identity, he also reclaims the stereotype of the Irish-American as violent. He seems to intend an act of physical violence to be read as strength and pride instead of the byproduct of laziness associated with the trait in the Nast cartoons. This reclaiming continued long past the 1860s. Over a century later, Irish author Frank McCourt responded to these cartoons in his 1997 musical The Irish and How They Got That Way. His responses are not verbal but theatrical, as his actors perform â€Å"Brigid† jokes: WOMAN 1:Mrs. Van Wick said to Brigid, 'Look at the dust on this sideboard; I can write my name in it!' WOMAN 2: Lord above, Missus, isn't it a great thing to have an education! (McCourt, 1997) In performance, as viewable on the original cast recording, the actress portraying the mistress speaks in a high-class accent. The actress portraying â€Å"Brigid,† by contrast, speaks in a high-pitched brogue and rolls her eyes at the punchline. This action serves as a commentary on the ridiculousness of the joke

Rhetorical Analysis Franklin Delano Roosevelt Essay Example for Free

Rhetorical Analysis Franklin Delano Roosevelt Essay Yesterday, December 7th, 1941, a date which will live in infamy. Those are the words of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Those words will be eternally repeated when discussing the topic of Pearl Harbor. The words contained in this speech show his utter disdain pertaining to the attack on Pearl Harbor. The purpose of President Roosevelts Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation was to educate the nation on what had happened on December 7th. He also wanted to justify his reasons for needing to go to war with the Empire of Japan. Each and every word in this distinguished speech played on the emotions of the american people, and it provided significant support for his purpose. The powerful words Roosevelt used in the address gave strong support that grabbed the American peoples attention, and. One convincing statement he makes was when he said, The United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. Roosevelt wanted to be sure that the congress and the nation knew the facts behind the tragedy. In that short statement he informs the people that he had no idea that the attack was coming, in his words the attack came suddenly. He also tries to explain Americas relationship with Japan before the attack in this section, The United States was at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its government and its emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. That showed the American people what events had taken place prior to the disaster at Pearl Harbor. He wanted the people to know that he was under the impression that the two nations were at peace, and that they were nowhere near a state of war. Another purpose for the address was that Roosevelt wanted to justify going to war with the Empire of Japan. One such section of the speech was when Roosevelt said, The distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening time, the Japanese government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued  peace. Roosevelt tried to make his audience feel appalled by the actions of Japan in that excerpt. He wanted to show the audience that Japan was deliberately misleading the American People into having them believe that all they wanted was to make an effort for peace, when at the same time they were preparing for war. In the speech addressing the nation he stated that after the Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor they did not stop their. They continued on to attack neighboring countries and city-states. He tried to convince the audience that not only the lives of the American people were at stake but the lives of surrounding countries that may not be able to defend themselves. No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory, through this passage the president wanted to reassure his audience that if they did in fact go to war the end result would be that America will obtain absolute victory. The President not only wanted to educate the American people on the events that occurred, but he also wanted to reassure them if they did in fact go to war, they would come out victorious. Roosevelts striking words helped a nation recover from one of the greatest tragedies in the nations history. Roosevelt believed that through his words the nation would hold their ground and beat back any enemy that would come their way.

An Overview Of Wildlife Tourism

An Overview Of Wildlife Tourism It may be high volume mass tourism or low volume and low impact tourism. It may generate high economic returns or low economic returns, be sustainable or unsustainable, domestic or international, and based on day visits or longer stays (Roe et al., 1997). Wildlife tourism includes activities such as bird watching, whale watching, reef diving, gorilla tourism and photographic safari. Wildlife tourism can include interaction with animals in captivity but for the purposes of this paper the narrower definition of wildlife tourism as denoting only human contact with animals in the wild is used. Wildlife tourism is a holiday with a difference. A wildlife tourism holiday offers a different experience for each traveller on each occasion, as the major component of the holiday, the wildlife, is unpredictable. Tourists often feel that they, and they alone, have experienced a particular aspect of an animals behaviour. Wildlife tourism often involves not only seeing rare or exciting animals in their natural habitat, but visiting areas that are difficult to travel to and hence not visited by many tourists. This perceived exclusivity adds to the appeal of wildlife tourism. In the a study reported in the Times, three of the top five Things to Do Before You Die involved an aspect of wildlife tourism (swim with dolphins, whale watching and swim with sharks respectively). For many participants a wildlife holiday will be remembered for many years to come as a holiday with a difference. Trends in Consumer Behaviour that are Catered for by Wildlife Tourism Public interest in conservation and environmental matters is growing. 85% of industrialised world citizens believe that the environment is the most important public issue (Carson and Moulden, 1991). This socio-cultural trend has led to an increase in the demand for ecotourism. Ecotourism is nature-based tourism that involves ecologically sustainable management of natural areas and an interaction with or observance of either flora or fauna. This is precisely what wildlife tourism provides. There has also been a trend towards experiential tourism; that is active, rather than passive travel. People increasingly want to feel that they are participating in and influencing the area they travel to. Wildlife tourism caters for this trend in that tourists often feed or otherwise interact with the wildlife they visit. The major world tourism markets, Europe and North America, are affected by an increase in the proportion of older people in the population. In addition, changes in working practises have meant that people have more flexibility to get longer periods of time off work. The days when gap years were restricted to students are gone. More mature people than before are taking sabbaticals from work or travelling after retirement. Wildlife tourism caters well for these grown up gappers as a longer time frame will allow remote geographical areas to be accessed and increase the chances of a successful wildlife encounter. Management Issues Facing Wildlife Tourism The management issues facing wildlife tourism are twofold, identifying methods of minimising the impact on the wildlife resource itself and ensuring that the tourists receive a valuable experience from the holiday. Sometimes these two aims are mutually exclusive. There are many direct impacts of wildlife tourism on wildlife. They can be divided into categories such as habitat destruction, disturbance of feeding and disease transmission. Each of these categories will now be illustrated with an example. Tourism can contribute to the destruction of wildlife habitat. In the Norfolk Broads, UK, large volumes of boat traffic, especially motor boats, result in considerable boat wash and river bank erosion and undermine on-going efforts to improve the Broads severely impaired water quality and threatened aquatic wildlife (Brouwer et al, 2001). The consequences of erosion can lead to important habitats being lost and the silt from the disappearing banks clogging up the waterways, which further deteriorates water quality. In the Yacatan Peninsula, Mexico, boatloads of tourists were driven into groups of feeding flamingos to make them take flight (Long, 1991, cited in Chin, Moore, Wallington Dowling, 2000). This type of disturbance during feeding can have several effects depending on the magnitude of the disruption. Some birds may take flight temporarily, but return after the disturbance ends. Other birds may modify their feeding habits and desert the site of tourism disturbance permanently. When a bird is unexpectedly forced to take flight during feeding, energy intake terminates and energy expenditure significantly increases. Where disturbance causes a bird to desert a particular site, the availability of suitable alternative sites is critical for the birds survival. Furthermore, the site in which it settles may already be populated or may be of lower quality resulting in lower rates of energy intake. The possible transmission of diseases from humans to animals is a serious threat resulting from the close contact between species that many wildlife tourism experiences involve. It is though that the mountain gorillas of Rwanda are particularly affected. Humans and gorillas share about 97% of their genetic makeup and they are therefore susceptible to many of the same diseases. These include tuberculosis, influenza, measles, polio and intestinal parasites (Cameron). The single population of 300 mountain gorillas in the Virunga Volcanoes is particularly badly affected. More than seventy tourists and a similar number of guides, porters, rangers and researchers visit seventy percent of the gorillas in this population daily. There have been several outbreaks of disease that can probably be attributed to humans. This includes an epidemic in 1988 in which six habituated gorillas died of respiratory illness and twenty-seven more became ill. Methods of managing these and other negative effects on wildlife caused by wildlife tourism include restricting the number of tours allowed, education and finally licensing, and thereby controlling, the activities of tour groups. The most popular example of restricting the number of tours allowed is that of the Galapagos Islands in Ecuador, which were protected in 1934. In the Galapagos Islands parts of the islands are designated as Intensive Visitor Zones, where a maximum of ninety people are allowed simultaneously on shore. The Extensive Visitor Zones are open to groups of less than twelve individuals (de Groot, 1983). Education of operators and tourists about appropriate behaviour to adopt in the presence of wildlife is another method of managing the negative impacts of wildlife tourism on the animals involved. A code of conduct can be distributed to tour operators and publicly displayed in the local area. Tourist education can develop a demand-lead requirement for responsible tour groups. Licensing of tour companies is a method of minimising the impact of wildlife tourism. Licensing is often dependent on compliance with particular regulations, such as minimum approach distances. Many whale watching regulations specify a minimum approach distance of 100m (Brouwer et al, 2001). The choice of type of management depends on the nature of the target species and the severity of the impacts on them. An analysis of the impacts of the specific wildlife tourism would be required before a management method was selected. As well as managing the needs of the wildlife by minimising wildlife tourisms impact on them, tourism managers, of course, need to consider the needs of the tourists. Tourists want a wildlife watching experience that is both enjoyable and informative. The skills and knowledge of tour operators add to the experience of wildlife tourists and so should be maximised. Wildlife tourism is inherently seasonal. Most species act differently according to the season. The best example of this is migration. The Great Migration is the movement of over a million wildebeest between the Masai Mara and the Serengeti plains. There are numerous wildlife tourism opportunities presented by this, but there are of course dependent on the timing of the migration. The migration usually occurs May to June, but this can be affected by rainfall, which in turn affect availability of vegetation. Wildlife tourism management involves understanding the environmental influences on species behaviour and how this will affect tourism opportunities. Wildlife tourists also want to get close up to the wildlife (Orams, 2000). Managers of wildlife tourism need to attempt to ensure predictable occurrence of species within a relatively restricted area. Managers of wildlife tourism need to carefully integrate visitors and wildlife through management of their interactions whilst still ensuring damage to the species is limited. Managers of wildlife tourism also need to ensure that there are other activities to keep tourists amused for times when wildlife does not co-operate with tour schedules. There needs to be an awareness of either other geographical locations that can be utilised to view the same wildlife or other species that can be more easily located. Back to: Essay Examples Conclusion Wildlife tourism offers a holiday with a difference. It caters for emerging tourism trends, particularly ecotourism, experiential tourism and longer duration holidays. There are two main management issues facing wildlife tourism. These are minimising the impact of tourism on the species involved and ensuring that wildlife tourists receive a quality experience. The particular management strategies that can be utilised depend upon the species involved and the severity of the impacts upon that species. Bibliography Akama, J. (1996). Western environmental values and nature-based tourism in Kenya, Tourism Management, 17, (8), p567-574. An overview of apes in Africa Gorilla Taxonomy. 2000. http://www.berggorilla.de/english/gjournal/texte/21butyn.html (25 Mar. 2005) Boo, E. (1990). Ecotourism: the potentials and pitfalls. Washington D.C: World Wildlife Fund. Brouwer, R, Turner R.K Voisey, H. (2001) Public perception of overcrowding and management alternatives in a multi-purpose open access resource Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9, (6), p471-488. Caalders, J van de Duim, R. (2002). Biodiversity and tourism: impacts and interventions, Annals of Tourism Research, 29, (3), p743-761. Cameron, K. Providing healthcare to a wild gorilla population The Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project. http://www.azadocents.org/The_Mountain_Gorilla_Veterinary_Project.pdf (27 Mar. 2005) Carson, P Moulden, J. (1991). Green is Gold: Business Talking to Business About the Environmental Revolution, Toronto, Harperbusiness. Chin, C et al. (2000). Ecotourism in Bako National Park, Borneo: visitors perspectives on environmental impacts and their management, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8, (1), p20-35. Curry, B et al. (2001). Modelling impacts of wildlife tourism on animal communities: a case study from Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9, (6), p514-529. de Groot, R.S. (1983). Tourism and conservation in the Galapagos Islands. Biological Conservation 26, p291-300. Gorillas are my patients BBC Science. 2002. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/gorilla.shtml (27 Mar. 2005) Ingham, R and Summers, D. (2000). Cruise ship tourism in the Falkland Islands UK Overseas Territories Conservation Forum. http://www.ukotcf.org/pdf/calpe/calpe106-124.pdf (25 Mar. 2005) MaLellan, L. (1999). An examination of wildlife tourism as a sustainable form of tourism development in North West Scotland, International Journal of Tourism Research, 5, p375-287. Mathieson, A Wall, G. (1992). Tourism: economic, physical and social impacts. Harlow: Longman. Murphy, P. (1991). Tourism: a community approach. New York and London: Routledge. Orams, M. (2002). Feeding wildlife as a tourism attraction: a review of issues and impacts, Tourism Management, 23, p281-293. Orams, M. (1999). Marine tourism: developments, impacts and management. New York and London: Routledge. Priskin, J. (2001). Assessment of natural resources for nature-based tourism: the case of the Central Coast Region of Western Australia, Tourism Management, 22, p637-648. Reynolds, P Braithwaite, D. (2001). Towards a conceptual framework for wildlife tourism, Tourism Management, 22, p31-42. Shackley, M. (1995). The future of gorilla tourism in Rwanda, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 3, (2) p61-73 Shackley, M. (1996). Wildlife Tourism. London: International Thompson Business Press. UK background factsheet The Orangutan Foundation. http://www.orangutan.org.uk/history/ (10 Mar. 2005)

The USA Immigration Problem Essay -- Immgration Immigrants Population

The USA Immigration Problem Immigration is a major problem facing the U.S. today. Hundreds of thousands of immigrants flock to this country every year. Some legally, others illegally. Some are escaping from religious and political oppression while others come to seek out the "American Dream". Either way they are causing nationwide problems. Non-English speaking workers take jobs away from American people because they will work for cheaper wages. Illegal immigrants receive welfare and health care and the money to fund this comes straight from us, the citizens of the United States. Some limitations have to be put on the number of immigrants allowed each year and much stricter border patrols must be installed. Harsher punishments and frequent checks are necessary to keep corporations from hiring illegal aliens. We need to do something about this problem before its to late.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The number of legal immigrants should definitely be lowered to a much more reasonable number. Right now, an average of over 600,000 legal immigrants are granted access to the country. I believe this number should be cut in half. We need to focus on problems facing American citizens, such as poverty, AIDS, cancer, and unemployment. We don't need 300,00 more people to deal with, we have enough problems with the currents population.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I don't think certain ethnic groups should be give preference over another group but I think educated workers who can speak English should be gran...

Financing Transport Projects Essay -- essays research papers

<a href="http://www.geocities.com/vaksam/">Sam Vaknin's Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web Sites The role of government in facilitating transport projects is inevitable. But governments are monopolists and largely cannot be trusted with the efficient allocation of resources, not to mention the problem of corruption. So, the less the state is involved the better off everyone is. Transport has gone a full circle. Until the beginning of the 17th century it was largely privately financed. The state took over until the last two decades of the twentieth century. And now there is a revival of the involvement of the private sector in financing infrastructure. Additionally, transport has become a commodity and is securitized, as we shall see. All social (or public) goods carry social costs and bring on negative externalities (such as environmental damage). Embedded in every public good there is a moral hazard - others bear a disproportionate part of the costs while the perpetrators go "free". This is why accurate statistics, forecasting and cost benefit analysis systems are a must. I am not talking only about cost coverage calculations but also about finding ways to impose on the users of transport infrastructure the real costs of their actions. This is known today as "user pays" charging schemes. But to do so, the state needs to know what ARE these costs. This is one way of forcing the private sector to participate in t...

Immigration Needs to be Restricted in America Essay -- Argumentative P

Immigration Needs to be Restricted in America Illegal immigration will cost the United States $280 billion dollars from 1995-2004. And that only counts for the immigrants that enter this country illegally. What of the legal immigrants that come to the United States and find it harder than they thought it would be? Most of these immigrants just go on welfare. Legal immigrants participate in 20.7 percent of all welfare programs while native citizens only participate in 14.1 percent (Borjas). This costs the American public millions of dollars every year. At the turn of the century 40 percent of immigrants that came through Ellis Island had to go home. If the immigrants can't handle the work force, there is nothing for them to do but fall back on welfare (Lind). Opposing statistics show that Americans use welfare more than immigrants do. This argument doesn't work for the simple fact that most immigrants haven't been in this country long enough to qualify for Social Security. Therefore we must use the other data which clearly shows that immigrants use welfare more. Another problem that has risen from immigration is crime. In 1986, 28 percent of the arrests for drug possession were illegal immigrants (Stacy). This may not seem like an overwhelming number, but just think if the United States could drop drug trafficking by 28 percent this would be a tremendous step forward. The immigration problem has gotten so bad on the Mexican American, border, that the border patrol have what they call " War Wagons" which are armored vans with bulletproof windows. Guarding a border of a nation that we are at peace with should not be that big of a problem. Most immigrants that enter the country both legally and illegally are trying to fin... ...osing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press. Inc. 1998 pp. 84-88. Lind, Micheal. "Legal Immigration Harms American workers" Bender, David L. Immigration: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press. Inc. 1998 pp. 79-83 Borjas, George. "Immigrants Abuse the Welfare System." Bender, David L. Immigration: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press. Inc. 1998 pp. 97-102 Stacy, Palmer & Lutton, Wayne. "Illegal Immigrants Cause Crime." Bender, David L. Immigration: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press. Inc. 1990 pp. 90-95 Martinez, Roberto. "Illegal Immigrants Are Victims of Crime." Bender, David L. Immigration: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press. Inc. 1990 pp. 96-99 Lamm, Richard D. "The U.S. Should Limit Immigration." Bender, David L. Immigration: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press. Inc. 1990 pp.105-112

The Gains of Hosting International Sports Events

The World Cup is truly one of the biggest sporting events in the world. Host countries invest huge amounts of resources to organize and build infrastructures. Such countries surely are expecting gains in return for the huge investments they made. However, past experiences show that the chance of receiving economic benefits from hosting either the World Cup or the Olympics is surprisingly little (Maennig & Plessis, 2007). Despite this fact countries still want to host international sports events.This is because in assessing the profitability of hosting such events it is important to include both tangible and intangible benefits. This paper takes a look at such intangible benefits to analyze a fuller extent of the gains of hosting such international sports events, taking the World Cup as an example. There are other benefits from a World Cup, besides the economical, which are recognized as positive contributions to the hosting country, they might be more intangible but nonetheless still important.The â€Å"feel good† effect of citizens experiencing domestic growth, stadiums being build, new jobs, foreign recognition etc. represents a certain social profitability of the project. This is something that should definitely not be neglected. These externalities may not only prove to be very important to the citizens of the host country, but also add to the competitiveness and development of certain sectors within the country. Intangible assets may in the long run prove to be just as important as tangible. It is difficult to assign these numerical value, but it is however indisputable whether they are of importance.Happiness is basically what the World Cup may ultimately add to. The experiences related to sports, and the public satisfaction of hosting an event that has the attention of the world, may add more in terms of prestige and individual satisfaction than anyone may realize when planning the project. Surveys made in previous host countries have asked local inhabitants, whether they feel that the World Cup has benefited them, and the results have been predominantly positive (Maennig & Plessis, 2007). Another intangible gain is the branding effect that the World Cup has.Branding is something that is important for all countries in that reputation and international recognition of national abilities is something that is highly valued in export and international relations. The World Cup will also add positively in terms of tourism, which is likely to grow in sync with branding of a country. Tourism is something that can be quantified, and is a source of great income to many countries, and host countries can potentially gain substantially in from a well-handled World Cup. Empirical research has shown that hosting a major sporting event rarely produces the net economic benefits that a hosting country anticipates.However in deciding to host such international sports events, countries base their calculations not solely economic gains, but also by accounting for such intangible gains. A quote from The Economist sums up the message of this paper very well: Tourism gets a boost but only temporarily. Evidence from Sydney and Barcelona, hosts of successful recent Olympic games (and tourist spots long before that), suggest long-term tangible gains were negligible. But who cares? The World Cup is mostly about intangibles, such as prestige and fun.

Philippine Traditions: The Greatest Heritage

The Philippines has vast practices, traditions, and cultures. They existed a hundred years ago or may be thousands but they are still practiced up to now. It is like a legacy which is passed on from generation to generation. Usually, it is the old folks who relate these traditions over and over again. On my Grandma’s burial, her valued possessions are also buried in her grave. I asked my Mama why they have to do that and she simply answered, â€Å"So that she can bring it with her as she leaves us†. Well, we all know that a dead person cannot do that. The truth is, those things will only decay in there but to the Filipinos, it has a great significance and we can never question that. Another Filipino heritage which is highly valued in wedding custom is the â€Å"Pamamanhikan†. It is where the would-be groom with his parents goes to the house of the would-be bride to seek the blessing of her parents. It is also in this point when both parties formally set plans for the upcoming wedding. This symbolizes honor and respect to the parents of the couples. There are also certain Filipino habits that foreigners find them overwhelming. For example, when a visitor comes in, the family serves every delicacy and every mouth-watering Filipino cuisine that they can so as to please the visitor. He’ll be attended to the most comfortable room available and all his needs are served with delight and a warm smile. No wonder, Filipinos are known for their hospitality.

The Computer Technology

Computers are capable of doing more things every year. There are many advantages to knowing how to use a computer, and it is important that everyone know how to use them properly. Using the information I have gathered, and my own knowledge from my 12 years of computer experience, I will explain the many advantages of owning a computer and knowing how to use a PC and I will attempt to explain why you should purchase a computer and learn how to use one properly. Webster's New World Compact Dictionary defines a computer as â€Å"an electronic machine that performs rapid, complex calculations or compiles and correlates data† (â€Å"Computer. ). While this definition gives one a very narrow view of what a computer is capable of doing, it does describe the basic ideas of what I will expand upon. We have been living through an age of computers for a short while now and there are already many people world wide that are computer literate. According to Using Computers: A Gateway to Information World Wide Web Edition, over 250 million Personal Computers (PC's) were in use by 1995, and one out of every three homes had a PC (Shelly, Cashman,& Waggoner, 138). Computers are easy to use when you know how they work and what the parts are. All computers perform the four basic operations of the information processing cycle: input, process, output, and storage. Data, any kind of raw facts, is required for the processing cycle to occur. Data is processed into useful information by the computer hardware. Most computer systems consist of a monitor, a system unit which contains the Central Processing Unit (CPU), a floppy-disk drive, a CD-ROM drive, speakers, a keyboard, a mouse, and a printer. Each component takes a part in one of the four operations. The keyboard and mouse are input devices that a person uses to enter data into the computer. From there the data goes to the system unit where it is processed into useful information the computer can understand and work with. Next the processed data can be sent to storage devices or to output devices. Normally output is sent to the monitor and stored on the hard-disk or to a floppy-disk located internal of the system unit. Output can also be printed out through the printer, or can be played through the speakers as sound depending on the form it takes after it is processed. Once you have grasped a basic understanding of the basic parts and operations of a computer, you can soon discover what you can do with computers to make life easier and more enjoyable. Being computer literate allows you to use many powerful software applications and utilities to do work for school, business, or pleasure. Microsoft is the current leading producer of many of these applications and utilities. Microsoft produces software called operating systems that manage and regulate the information processing cycle. The oldest of these is MS-DOS, a single user system that uses typed commands to initiate tasks. Currently Microsoft has available operating systems that use visual cues such as icons to help enter data and run programs. These operating systems are ran under an environment called a Graphical User Interface (GUI's). Such operating systems include Windows 3. xx, Windows 95, and Windows NT Workstation. Windows 95 is geared more for use in the home for productivity and game playing whereas Windows NT is more business orientated. The article entitled â€Å"Mine, All Mine† in the June 5, 1995 issue of Time stated that 8 out of 10 PC's worldwide would not be able to start or run if it were not for Microsoft's operating systems like MS-DOS, Windows 95, and Windows NT (Elmer-Dewitt, 1995, p. 50). By no means has Microsoft limited itself to operating systems alone. Microsoft has also produced a software package called Microsoft Office that is very useful in creating reports, databases, spreadsheets, presentations, and other documents for school and work. Microsoft Office: Introductory Concepts and Techniques provides a detailed, step-by-step approach to the four programs included in Microsoft Office. Included in this package are Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Microsoft Word is a word processing program that makes creating professional looking documents such as announcements, resumes, letters, address books, and reports easy to do. Microsoft Excel, a spreadsheet program, has features for data organization, calculations, decision making, and graphing. It is very useful in making professional looking reports. Microsoft Access, a powerful database management system, is useful in creating and processing data in a database. Microsoft PowerPoint is â€Å". . a complete presentation graphics program that allows you to produce professional looking presentations† (Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2). PowerPoint is flexible enough so that you can create electronic presentations, overhead transparencies, or even 35mm slides. Microsoft also produces entertainment and reference programs. â€Å"Microsoft's Flight Simulator is one of the best selling PC games of all time† (Elmer-Dewitt, 50). Microsoft's Encarta is an electronic CD-ROM encyclopedia that makes for a fantastic alternative to 20 plus volume book encyclopedias. In fact, it is so popular, it outsells the Encyclopedia Britannica. These powerful business, productivity, and entertainment applications are just the beginning of what you can do with a PC. Knowing how to use the Internet will allow you access to a vast resource of facts, knowledge, information, and entertainment that can help you do work and have fun. According to Netscape Navigator 2 running under Windows 3. , â€Å"the Internet is a collection of networks, each of which is composed of a collection of smaller networks† (Shelly, Cashman, & Jordan, N2). Information can be sent over the Internet through communication lines in the form of graphics, sound, video, animation, and text. These forms of computer media are known as hypermedia. Hypermedia is accessed through hypertext links, which are pointers to the computer where the hypermedia is stored. The World Wide Web (WWW) is the collection of these hypertext links throughout the Internet. Each computer that contains hypermedia on the WWW is known as a Web site and has Web pages set up for users to access the hypermedia. Browsers such as Netscape allow people to â€Å"surf the net† and search for the hypermedia of their choice. There are millions of examples of hypermedia on the Internet. You can find art, photos, information on business, the government, and colleges, television schedules, movie reviews, music lyrics, online news and magazines, sport sights of all kinds, games, books, and thousands of other hypermedia on the WWW. You can send electronic mail (E-Mail), chat with other users around the world, buy airline, sports, and music tickets, and shop for a house or a car. All of this, and more, provides one with a limitless supply of information for research, business, entertainment, or other personal use. Online services such as America Online, Prodigy, or CompuServe make it even easier to access the power of the Internet. The Internet alone is almost reason enough to become computer literate, but there is still much more that computers can do. Knowing how to use a computer allows you to do a variety of things in several different ways. One of the most popular use for computers today is for playing video games. With a PC you can play card games, simulation games, sport games, strategy games, fighting games, and adventure games. Today's technology provides the ultimate experiences in color, graphics, sound, music, full motion video, animation, and 3D effects. Computers have also become increasingly useful in the music, film, and television industry. Computers can be used to compose music, create sound effects, create special effects, create 3D life-like animation, and add previous existing movie and TV footage into new programs, as seen in the movie Forrest Gump. All this and more can be done with computers. There is truly no time like the present to become computer literate. Computers will be doing even more things in the future and will become unavoidable. Purchasing and learning about a new PC now will help put PC's into the other two-thirds of the homes worldwide and make the transition into a computer age easier.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing and Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access

CHAPTER – 1Introduction1.1 OverviewThe involvement for wireless communications disposals has developed gigantically. In malice of the fact that the agreement of 3rd coevals cellular model has been slower than was ab initio expected, scientists are now analyzing 4th coevals cellular systems. These models will convey at much higher rates than the echt 2G models, and even 3G models, in an of all time jammed frequence spectrum. The indispensable aim of next-generation radio systems ( 4G ) won’t merely be the familiarity of new inventions with spread the demand for higher information rates and new services, to boot the incorporation of bing progresss in a typical phase. The scheme of multi-carrier transmittal has late been having broad involvement, peculiarly for high informations rate broadcast applications. The cardinal points of multi-carrier transmittal are its strength in frequence selective attenuation channels and specifically, the reduced signal processing complexnes s by equalisation in the frequence sphere. Figure 1.1: Time variant multipath extension Signals in wireless communicating state of affairss are impaired by melting and multipath hold spread. This prompts a corruptness of the general executing of the model. Henceforth, a few techniques are accessible to relieve these damages and fulfill the expanding demands. Figure 1.1 demonstrates an illustration of clip variant multipath extension. A considerable step of involvement has been placed in transition techniques like Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ( OFDM ) and Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA ) . Multiple entree strategies based on a combination of codification division and OFDM techniques have already proven to be strong campaigners for future 4G systems. A major outfall of the higher coevals radio systems is spectral efficiency. In this study, we concentrate on Multicarrier Code-Division Multiple Access ( MCCDMA ) , a fresh digital transition and multi entree strategy. It is a promising attack to the challenge of supplying high informations rate radio communicating. MC-CDMA combines the benefits of CDMA with the natural hardiness to frequency selectivity offered by OFDM. It can be interpreted as CDMA with the distributing taking topographic point in the frequence instead than temporal sphere. Multicarrier CDMA is merger of two different techniques:Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ( OFDM )Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA )1.2 Communication SystemCommunication is a manner of conveying information, ’ Technology alterations, but communicating lasts’ ; the handiness of communicating engineerings has made a great impact on human lives. When we communicate, we are sharing information. This sharing can be local or distant. While distant communicating takes topographic point over a distance, the term â€Å"telecommunication† includes telephone and telecasting, means communicating at a distance ( tele is Grecian for â€Å"far† ) Telecommunications can therefore grouped into two -voice & A ; informations. Three cardinal faculties that comprise a full communicating channel: The Sender – A sender encodes the message in a linguistic communication that can be understood by the receiving system.The Receiver –decodes the message.The Medium – Air, Cu wires, optical fibre. These carry the message across from the transmitter to the receiving system. Figure 1.2: Communication system Telecommunication systems have now made it possible to pass on with virtually anyone at any clip. Early telegraph and telephone system used Cu wire to transport signals over the earth’ surface and across oceans and high frequence ( HF ) wireless, besides normally called shortwave wireless, made possible intercontinental telephone links. But now there is different types of communicating strategy. They are following:Telephone SystemCellular SystemsPacket Data SystemsSatellite SystemsMicrowave SystemsFiber Optic SystemsEvery communicating system has its ain frequence scope, system, capacity, application execution cost. On the footing of transmittal system there are two types of communicating systemWired communicating systemWireless communicating system1.2.1 Wireless CommunicationIt is the transportation of information over a distance without the usage of electrical music directors or â€Å"wires† The distances involved may be short agencies few metres as in telecasting remote control or long like 1000s or 1000000s of kilometres for wireless communications. When the scene is clear, the period is frequently shortened to â€Å"wireless† . Wireless communicating is by and large considered to be a subdivision of telecommunications. The term â€Å"wireless† has become a generic and across-the-board word used to depict communications in which electromagnetic moving ridges or RF ( instead than some signifier of wire ) carries a signal over portion or the full communicating way.1.2.2 Previous Work on Wireless SystemJagadish Chandra Bose has been credited with the innovation of the first radio sensing device and the find of millimetre length electromagnetic moving ridges. David E. Hughes, eight old ages before Hertz’s investigates, induced electromagnetic moving ridges in a signaling system. Hughes base on balls on Morse codification by an initiation device. In 1878, Hughes’s initiation transmittal strategy utilized a â€Å"clockwork transmitter† to convey signals. In 1885, T. A. Edison used a vibrator magnet for initiation transmittal. In 1888, Edison set up a theoretical account of signaling on the Lehigh Valley Railroad. In the history of radio engineering, the presentation of the theory of electromagnetic moving ridges by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz in 1888 was of import. The theories of electromagnetic moving ridges were predicted from the research of James Clerk Maxwell and Michael Faraday. Hertz established that electromagnetic moving ridges could be transmitted and caused to go through infinite in consecutive lines and that they were able to be received by an investigational tool. The research was non followed up by Hertz. The applied utilizations of the radio communicating and remote control engineering were implemented by Nikola Tesla.1.3 Drawbacks of Communication SystemCommunication system has some restriction. Bandwidth and Noise restriction is portion of the communicating system. Bandwidth is merely a step of frequence scope. It is easy to see that the bandwidth we define here is closely related to the sum of informations you can convey within it, therefore the more infinite in the frequence spectrum, the more informations you can suit in at a given minute. In a communications system deficiency of bandwidth means deficiency of throughput of apprehensible informations. So that Bandwidth restriction means curtailing the measure of information transmitted from transmitter to receiver each 2nd. The consequences of which are the debasement in the quality of information arrives. Noise will besides impact intelligibility. In an electronic device such as an operational amplifier so there is such a thing known as a addition bandwidth merchandise, in other words how fast can the end product respondent to the input and how much crud ( noise ) is added in the procedure. Thermal noise is besides a topic and Boltzmann’s changeless K finds its manner into the figure of equations. The noise is so important, a assortment of steps have been developed to quantify the consequence of noise in a communications system There is another restriction of communicating is melting. Fading is the fluctuation happened in standard signal strength at the receiving system that is, any arbitrary divergence in the standard signal can be named as attenuation. However the microwave signal travel in the medium due to different parametric quantities there is a decrease in signal strength.1.4 Multiple Access MethodsA limited sum of bandwidth is allocated for radio services. A wireless t heoretical account is compulsory to suit as many users as possible by efficaciously apportion the bandwidth. Therefore, in the field of communications, the word multiple entree could be chiseled as a manner of leting multiple users to concurrently administer the finite bandwidth with smallest likely debasement in the public presentation of the system. There are a figure of methods demoing how the multiple accessing can be attained. There are four basic strategies:Frequency Division Multiple Access ( FDMA ) .Time Division Multiple Access ( TDMA ) .Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA )Space Division Multiple Access ( SDMA )These techniques can be grouped as wideband and narrowband systems, subjected to how the available bandwidth is allocated to the users. The duplexing method of a multiple entree system is normally described along with the peculiar multiple entree system, as shown in the cases that follow. Narrowband Systems:The term narrowband is used to associate the bandwidth of a individual channel to the expected coherency bandwidth of the channel. In a narrowband multiple entree strategy, the unfilled wireless spectrum is separated into a big figure of narrowband channels. The channels are by and large operated utilizing FDD. To diminish intervention between contrary and frontward links on each channel, the frequence separation is made every bit great as possible within the frequence spectrum, while still allowing low-priced duplexers and a common transceiver aerial to be used in each subscriber terminal. Wideband Systems:In wideband theoretical accounts, transmittal bandwidth of a individual channel is much larger than the coherency bandwidth of the channel. Therefore, multi-path attenuation does non greatly vary the standard signal power within a wideband channel and the frequence selective slices go on in merely a little fraction of the signal bandwidth at any juncture of clip. In wideband multiple entree theoretical accounts a big figure of senders are allowed to convey on the same channel.1.5 Requirement of MC-CDMAThree major multiple entree strategies exist: frequence division multiple entree ( FDMA ) , clip division multiple entree ( TDMA ) and code division multiple entree ( CDMA ) [ 1 ] . In the undermentioned subdivisions, the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques will be studied, and the necessity for multicarrier codification division entree ( MC-CDMA ) will be discussed.1.5.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access ( FDMA ) Figure 1.3: Frequency division multiple entree ( FDMA ) [ 1 ] Frequency division multiple entree ( FDMA ) was the first multiple entree technique, developed in the early 1900s [ 2 ] . With FDMA, the entire frequence bandwidth is divided into frequence channels that are assigned to each user for good, ensuing in multiple user signals that are both spectrally separated and at the same time transmitted and received. This has been diagrammatically signified in Figure 1.3. The FDMA systems require a comparatively simple algorithm and execution compared to TDMA and CDMA [ 1 ] , but there are several drawbacks. First, due to the lasting assignment of FDMA channels, fresh channels can non be utilized by other clients, the effect of which is the abuse of the communicating resources. Second, nonlinearities in the power amplifier can do signal spreading in the frequence sphere, doing inter-channel intervention ( ICI ) in other FDMA channels. Finally, the capacity of an FDMA system is limited by Thursday vitamin E figure of channels available.1.5.2 Time Division Multiple Access ( TDMA ) Figure 1.4: Time division multiple entree ( TDMA ) [ 1 ] Time division multiple entree ( TDMA ) has been developed with a similar thought to FDMA, but with TDMA, multiple user signals are separated in the clip sphere instead than the frequence sphere. Figure 1.4 shows a TDMA system with the transmittal clip divided into a figure of cyclically reiterating clip slots that can be assigned to single users, leting all users entree to all of the available bandwidth. Compared to FDMA systems, TDMA systems offer more flexibleness in the assignment of clip slots whereby different Numberss of clip slots can be allocated to different users depending on the service needed. In add-on, because TDMA users can convey signals merely in their ain clip slots, the transmittal of TDMA signal is noncontiguous and occurs in explosions, ensuing in less battery power ingestion. But, the TDMA signal needs a big synchronism operating expense due to its non-continuous transmittal. Inter-symbol intervention ( ISI ) , caused by multipath extension, is besides a serious bug for TDMA, particularly durin g high informations rate transmittals.1.5.3 Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA )In the last 10 old ages, codification division multiple entree ( CDMA ) has been developed to get the better of the disadvantages of other multiple entree techniques such as TDMA and FDMA [ 3 ] . Figure 1.5: Code division multiple entree ( CDMA ) [ 1 ] Figure 1.5 demonstrates multiple CDMA user signals that are separated by distributing sequences. In specific, all user signal is spread utilizing a pseudorandom sequence which is extraneous to the sequence of other users. As a consequence, merely the intended user-receiver can despread and have the information right ; other users on the system perceive the signal as noise, ensuing in multiple user signals that can be transmitted within the same bandwidth at the same time. The chief advantage with CDMA is that the system capacity is limited merely by the sum of intervention ; with a lower degree of intervention the system can back up a higher figure of users [ 1 ] . CDMA systems are besides robust to narrow set jamming as the receiver signal can distribute the jamming signal’s energy over the full bandwidth doing it undistinguished in comparing to the signal itself [ 2 ] . If the spreading sequence is absolutely extraneous, it is possible to convey multiple CDMA signals without presenting multiple entree intervention ( MAI ) during synchronal transmittal [ 3 ] Assorted types of CDMA such as direct-sequence CDMA ( DS-CDMA ) and wideband CDMA ( W-CDMA ) , have been utilised and advanced in both 2G and 3G systems similar to CDMA One ( IS-95 ) , UMTS and CDMA2000 [ 4 ] . These techniques are considered to be single-carrier CDMA systems. Unfortunately when traveling into the 4th coevals of wireless communicating systems ( 4G ) , in which information is transmitted at a rate every bit high as 1 Giga bits-per-second ( bits per second ) [ 5 ] , single-carrier CDMA theoretical accounts are non appropriate. This is for the grounds as fallowWith high informations rates the symbol continuance will go sawed-off, ensuing in the channel hold spread transcending the symbol continuance doing ISI [ 6 ] .When informations rate goes beyond a 100 Mega bits per second, it turn out to be a hard undertaking to synchronise, as the information is sequenced at high velocities [ 7 ] .Because of the multipath extension, signal energy is distributed in the clip sphere: in single-carrier CDMA systems such as DS-CDMA, RAKE receiving systems are frequently used to unite the multipath signals. However, non all waies of signals can be successfully received. If the figure of fingers in the RAKE receiving system is less than the figure of resolvable waies, some of the standard signal energy can non be combined, therefore a part of the signal energy is lost [ 8 ] . But if the figure of fingers in the RAKE receiving system is more than the figure of resolvable waies, noise will be improved.Therefore an Orthodox single-carrier CDMA such as DS-CDMA is non practical for 4G systems where a high information rate is required.1.5.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ( OFDM )Orthogonal frequence division multiplexing ( OFDM ) proposed in [ 9 ] has the ability to back up higher information rate transmittal. When utilizing OFDM, the channel bandwidth is divided into a figure of equal bandwidth bomber channels, with each bomber channel using a subcarrier to convey a information symbol. The frequence separation of next subcarriers is chosen to be the opposite of the symbol continuance, ensuing in all the subcarriers being extraneous to one another over one symbol interval. Therefore, OFDM method can convey a immense figure of different informations symbols over multiple subcarriers at the same time, enabling this technique to back up a higher information rate transmittal. In add-on the bandwidth of each bomber channel is designed to be so narrow that the frequence features of each bomber channel are changeless, creative activity OFDM signals healthy to frequency selective attenuation [ 10 ] . The other advantage of OFDM is that the signal can be easy and expeditiously modulated and demodulated utilizing fast Fourier transform ( FFT ) devices [ 11 ] . As FFT can be easy implemented, the receiving system complexness does non increase well while transmittal rate can be mostly increased. Despite all these advantages, OFDM still has some drawbacks due to its execution of multicarrier transition. OFDM suffers a high peak-to-average power ratio that occurs when all the signals in the subcarriers are added constructively [ 12, 13 ] . This consequences in the impregnation of the power elaboration at the sender, triping inter-modulation deformation. OFDM is really sensitive to frequency offset, as the graph of the subcarriers is overlapping [ 14, 15 ] . Any frequence offset can do to ICI, which put forward that OFDM requires a high grade of synchronism of subcarriers. Besides, the conventional OFDM systems can back up merely a individual client, demanding the demand for multicarrier codification divi Zion multiple entree ( MC-CDMA ) .1.5.5 Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access ( MC-CDMA )Based on the combination of OFDM and DS-CDMA, a multicarrier codification division multiple entree ( MC-CDMA ) is proposed [ 16 ] . Unlike DS-CDMA, which spreads the original informat ion watercourse into the clip sphere, MC-CDMA spreads the original information watercourse into the frequence sphere by ab initio change overing the input informations watercourse from consecutive to parallel so multiplying this watercourse by the distributing french friess in different OFDM subcarriers, the consequence of which is MC-CDMA signal which takes on the advantages of both DS-CDMA and OFDM. The advantages of MC-CDMA are:The capacity is interference limited [ 17 ] and any techniques that cut down intervention are capable of increasing the capacity of MC-CDMA.The signal is robust to frequency selective attenuation and can back up high informations rate transmittal.Bandwidth is used more expeditiously as the spectra of subcarrier convergence [ 18 ] .Since the standard signal is combined in the frequence sphere, an MC-CDMA receiving system can use all the standard signal energy scattered in the frequence sphere [ 19 ] . This is a important advantage over DS-CDMA, where portio n of the signal energy can be lost due to deficient figure of fingers in the RAKE receiving system.The sender and receiving system signals can be implemented utilizing FFT, which does non increase the grade of complexness.1.6 ObjectiveThe chief aim of this thesis is to develop an attack to minimise the consequence of multipath attenuation in Rayleigh attenuation environment utilizing Multicarrier CDMA ( MC-CDMA ) with RAKE receiving system and different uniting strategies viz ; Equal Gain Combining ( EGC ) , Maximal Ratio Combining ( MRC ) , Zero-Forcing ( Z-F ) and Minimal Mean Square Error ( MMSE ) Equalization.1.7 Outline Of DissertationChapter-1 Introduction: This chapter is divided in six parts ; overview, communicating system, drawbacks of communicating system, multiple entree methods, demand of MC-CDMA, and eventually nonsubjective is explained. Chapter-2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing: This chapter gives a elaborate account about overview of OFDM, guard interval, perpendicularity, mathematical analysis of OFDM and fourier transform. Chapter-3 Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access: This chapter gives elaborate information about overview of multi-carrier transition, channel synchronism and appraisal in multi-carrier systems, overview of CDMA, rudimentss of MC-CDMA and channel theoretical accounts. Chapter-4 Literature Review: This chapter gives elaborate information about old work on Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access. It besides elaborate the job definition sing the research work. Chapter-5Proposed Methodology: This chapter explains the proposed methodological analysis which is used in this undertaking. Chapter-6Simulation Consequence: This chapter shows the simulation consequences of the proposed work. Chapter-7Conclusion and Future Scope: This chapter summarizes the parts of the thesis. 1

To Bury or Exhume the White Gods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

To Bury or Exhume the White Gods - Essay Example It also becomes the means by which the oppressed are made to believe in the ethical justice of the systems of production that engender their own oppression. These theories have great scope for application in postcolonial studies that seek to challenge narratives that are based on the versions of the colonizer’s memory. There are now attempts to revise the histories that have been written by such writers for the mental enslavement of the colonized. These counter-narratives too, however, stand the risk of being incorporated into the power structures of the imperialist narrative. This is to a certain extent inevitable as they come for e certain point in history when the effects of colonialism are still being overturned. It is in this context that Camilla Townsend’s article â€Å"Burying the White Gods: New Perspectives on the Conquest of Mexico† becomes important as it attempts to bridge certain gaps in historical narratives and at the same point of time also seeks to point certain flaws in the counter-narratives that one finds in the postmodern age. The essay thus points to the need for a history with lesser chinks (Townsend). The essay seeks to talk of the narratives that have been used to counter the narratives of Hernando Cortes and his conquistadors. Many such narratives talk of the situation where the people who were indigenous inhabitants of Mexico thought of the conquistadors to be gods. An elaborate system of lies is constructed whereby indigenous systems are arm-twisted into accommodating the colonizer into their narrative. The incorporation of Cortes into the narrative of the Indian God, Quetzalcoatl is a very good example of this. The God who is considered to have left the Indians’ land for the East was prophesied to come later on at a certain point of time. This narrative was changed a lot to accommodate the arrival of the colonizer into Mexico. There are several aspects that one needs to look into while analyzing

Discuss the influence of business over local governments services and Essay

Discuss the influence of business over local governments services and regulatory activities - Essay Example re the monopolies became highly influencing bodies in the terms of social, political, regional and cultural segments of the economies (Eatwell and Wright, 1999). Giant firms across different sectors started to influence the decision of the public authorities in favor of them. Red-tapism, corruption and bribery became common in the bureaucratic segments of most of the nations of the world. The private monopolistic giant firms in the market started to grasp large portions of the consumer surplus in the market by influencing the decisions of the governments. It is only after the era of globalization, when the political sectors of most of the economies were decentralized. Under this regime, the local governments and the regional institutions were allocated with some sort of regulatory powers. The local governments were entitled to check on the scale and the scope of business activities in their respective local regions (Tucker, 2010). This paper will through light on the influence of the business firms on the various activities of the local government’s services as well as its regulatory activities (Jonas and Wood, 2013). The paper will emphasize on the numerous ways (like campaign funding and lobbying and bribing) through which the business firms can influence the decisions of the local governments (Feenstra and Taylor, 2008). The context of the paper also explains the different ways in which the actions of the local governments in the modern days are undertaken in favor of the corporate companies (focusing the Euro Area). The analysis in the conclusion states that local governments in the current epoch often behave irrationally by favoring the corporate organizations as the influence of such organizations on their activities are huge. There is no doubt about this fact that local governments have substantially influenced the operations of the business organizations. However, the case and effect factors in this context are just the opposite. It is true that in the

Strategic Plan,Conceptualizing a Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Plan,Conceptualizing a Business - Essay Example It has the ability for catering of services for both females and males in the area. To ensure that clients get quality services and products; to enhance their mental relaxation and improve on their physical appearance. Being a reputable salon; that offers quality products and services at fair prices (Hormozi et al., 2002). Disney has been a leading hair stylist in the city has worked with major beauty â€Å"spas† that deals with top models and wealthy clienteles. Through the three years of experience in upscale salons Disney has been able to create a reputable name in the beauty stylish industry with a strong base of clienteles. Working with her fellow beauticians; Disney is most destined to build this business enterprise a successful undertaking. Forming from this reputation already earned this company tends to attract more clients and continue the growth of the company. Our business company is located in one of Greensted busy streets which is easily accessible to any person, thus our clienteles won’t find difficulty locating us. The environment is conducive with enough space that ensures the clients receive professional services and recreation. Our business provides quite a variety of products and services all under one roof, and we are flexible in the working hours to suit our customers’ needs. The high reputation of our staff and the owner of being able to offer quality services to suit each customer needs will earn us more new clients and strengthen the relationship with our current clients (Karlsson & Honig, 2009). The company will provide services that cater needs of the whole family setting; that are convenient to children, women and men. These diverse services are: 1) Hair services: shampoo, weaving and waving, colors, haircuts, conditioners, relaxers, curling, perms and reconstructing; 2) Skin care services: facials, massage, and body waxing. 3) Nails Services: polish, manicures,

The Impact of Social Network in Tourism Thesis

The Impact of Social Network in Tourism - Thesis Example A number of studies have tried to find out how social networking are used by travelers as well as travel companies in this tourism market. Travel agencies are also increasingly realizing the need for promoting their services through social networking sites as membership of various social networking sites are increasing significantly day by day. This study aims at examining the impact of social networking site on tourism. Has employed case study method along with a questionnaire survey to find out how social working is affecting the decision making process regarding traveling. The study has found that social networking sites have become more popular among travelers that official websites of travel agencies and travel agencies have also realized this changing trend and hence promoting their activities through these sites as well along with their own official websites. 2.1 Background of the study: In the age of social networking the Travel and Tourism industry is growing rapidly. There are thousands of traveling operators who have their websites through which one can book his tickets, hotels or plan his holiday anywhere in the world at just a mouse click. These social networking sites not only enable the tourists to get in touch with his or her respective tourist operator but also to communicate with the previous users of those sites. The latter helps the new users to get first hand information about the operator and making a right choice. Previously the travelers had to depend on many tour organizing intermediaries such as the traveling agents for their travel related queries (Akehurst, 2009). But with the growing popularity of internet usage and social networking this trend is changing. The whole pattern of information searching and decision making is much different for the new age travelers. Therefore the Tourism industry has almost completely become internet and social network oriented. As far as the internet use and online dealing is concerned this industry is ranked at the lead by Werthner and Ricci (2004 pp. 103-104). The websites have proved to be quite an effective way to reach the customers because people can access them 24 hours a day and from anywhere in the world (Lin & Huang p. 1205). It is seen that social networking is quite popular, particularly with Free and Independent travelers (FIT) and backpackers. Because these travelers not merely visit different places but like to meet the local people as well as other travelers on their journey. They wish to experience new cultures, foods and activities while touring (Hyde & Lawson pp.16-18). These travelers are not only interested in gathering information about different traveling destination but also sharing them with other people over internet. Thus the medium of blogging has been used extensively by them. They share their traveling stories through blogging on their personal websites, operator’s sites or on any other social networking sites. Within a couple of years blogging has emerged a

International Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International Business - Assignment Example Currently, Coca Cola faces competition from other soft drink producers that is not all that substantial but the threat from substitute products is growing. These are only but a few o the challenges that the company may have to face – both now and in the future. The soft drink industry may be strong for now but this does not mean the consumers will remain marred to it. Coca Cola should pursue a strategy that will reduce the overall cost of its products. This strategy will give Coca Cola a much competitive advantage over its rivals who have already adapted methods of lowering the cost of their products. This is one of the many recommendations that the company should adopt if it has to enjoy continued success in the international market. International Business is the terminology that generally describes the business activities that occur across the boundaries of countries for both profit making and political reasons (Daniels & Radebaugh, 2007). This article will explore one such company doing business internationally namely the Coca Cola company, and identify a few significant issues related to its international operations. Coca Cola, which is the symbolic American soda company, is among the companies that have operated internationally for a lengthy time period, having first gone international in the year 1902. It is currently a market leader in terms of soft drinks sales worldwide given that its products sell up to one and a half billion servings on a daily basis. The company can also boast of having the world’s largest production, distribution and marketing system of syrup and non-alcoholic beverage which is in fact double in size of its nearest competitor. For numerous reasons, the Coca Cola Company holds the belief that it will maintain its international growth. Among these reasons are its rising disposable income and the global

Comparing And Contrasting Wireless Security Essay

Comparing And Contrasting Wireless Security - Essay Example Yet, as recent events have shown, this wall is at best overstated and at worst illusory altogether. Regardless, wireless security is no longer a concern for only the home and business. As wireless access points grow in popularity, there is a growing need to secure networks that are designed to be used by members of the public. As Chenoweth, Minch and Tabor (2010) point out, these networks offer little or no security for the end user, which is a completely different problem, but related in the potential consequences of misuse. Finally, Potter (2006) believes that achieving true security at one of these public networks is impossible and that â€Å"Laptops and PDAs are so vulnerable in wireless hotspots, users would do well to turn them off† (p. 51). The views of wireless security that those authors give are separable into two different sets of categories. First, the authors either give an optimist/descriptive view or a pessimist/normative view of how end users should interact wi th wireless technology given security concerns. Loo (2008) witnessed the breach in internet security at a U.S. credit card processing center (a â€Å"descriptive† view) and wrote about how users can protect themselves. On the other hand, Chenoweth, Minch and Tabor (2010) and Potter (2006) described how there is virtually no security on wireless networks (a â€Å"pessimistic† view) and that users might be better off not using them (â€Å"a normative view†). Second, the authors give either an account of private home or business wireless security or an account of public hotspot wireless security. Once again, while Loo (2008) is writing primarily about private end users operating their own private networks, Chenoweth, Minch and Tabor (2010) and Potter (2006) are discussing networks in the context of public hotspots, as opposed to private channels. Seeing the literature in this way, one might realize that there is a certain consistency at work: from the time between 2006 and 2010, little advancements have been made in improving the wireless security for public networks. Meanwhile, private networks remain potentially unprotected, but that the weakest link in that chain is the end user, not the network itself as seems to be the case with public wireless hotspots. From this perspective, one can begin to put into context the kind of advice or observations that each article makes. Loo (2008) opens his discussion of private network wireless security by overviewing why end users are the weakest components in a computer system’s security. He writes, â€Å"In most systems, the weakest components are the end users, particularly when they are accessing the corporation’s databases with wireless facilities at home† (p. 68). Of course, what he is suggesting here is that corporations must safeguard their information from private individuals because, although those private individuals may think their connection is secure, it may be the eas iest access way that an outsider has to gain access to the sensitive information contained within a corporation’s network. Loo (2008) dispels some of the myths above this private security, including the common belief that home computers are not attractive to hackers. However, this belief is false considering the increasingly digitized way that individuals share knowledge and communicate. Not only

Exams Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Exams - Coursework Example A good example is a situation whereby some individuals interpreted the scriptures in relation to Christ as a being; thus, assumed his ontological feature4. In this case, this group visualized God as the Father and that there was no difference between the two5. In the contemporary society, a lot of individuals failed to understand the two natures of God and can barely explain Jesus. This can then be related to the Christological errors that saw differences in the Church. More differences were to arise in the Church, as no tangible conclusion was reached in a discussion of God, the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. I, however, believe in the Holy Trinity due to my strong conviction in the doctrines of Christology that emphasizes on the forms of Jesus. Question 2 Christendom may simply be referred to as a Christian world that entails social and political polities6. Christendom created a subtle division of power between the state and the church as medieval Christendom aimed at creatin g a government that would uphold Christian doctrines and values7. The clergy were then given a lot of political authority- what was acceptable throughout Europe- though politicians and clergymen differed in function. In the Middle Ages in Europe, religion and politics were linked, as both were western and Christian concerns8. It was argued that religious authorities were to limit their powers if law enforcement had to be implemented by the state institutions9. A good example can be the rivalry between the Pope and the Emperor in Europe. At times the government may use its powers excessively; thus, hinder the contribution of the Church in the society, and its autonomous operation. The vice versa would also happen if the Church almost takes over the roles of the government forcing the government to submit. In the country today, there is clear separation of power between the Church and the State, and each operates independently. This prevents a situation where either of the parties wil l be forced to work under the mercies of the other. Question 3 Luther’s theology aimed at reforming the practice and theology of the Catholic Church. According to Noll, Luther believed in faith and grace of God10. Additionally, Luther’s theology upheld respect for authority of the Roman Catholic, and other practices of the Catholics such as participation in Eucharist11. Luther advocated for justification by faith where belief in Jesus Christ would spare one from the wrath of destruction. He also believed in the sufficiency of the Scripture as the binding authority of Christians12. The word of God can then be equated to a golden chance in a Christian’s life. Lastly, Luther appreciated the sovereignty of God, and that God gave to human kind on a free will13. Human beings are then under the mercies of God and God uses us as He pleases. Luther’s theology questioned the medieval conception of Christendom. This explains why his theology of the cross is factual of the Christian Heritage. Christians, therefore, believe as being one body of believers, and that Christians are ministers of God’s word. Christians also believe that Jesus Christ was crucified, died for our sins and rose again for the sake of the human race. Question 4 As argued by Bettenson and Maunder, culture plays an immense role in the life of an individual in relation to religion14. At times culture may pose a major