Challenges Facing the Nontraditional Female Student

There are many challenges that come with a college education for a nontraditional female student. These hurdles can have a negative effect on a college student or be the catalyst that drives them to succeed. A college degree can be an attainable goal for the nontraditional college student by accepting the challenges that come and staying true to the goal ahead. The three articles that I will refer to are; â€Å"Inspiration from Home: Understanding Family as Key to Adult Women’s Self-Investment†, by Annemarie Vaccaro and Cheryl Lovell, â€Å"Good Times to Hard Times: An Examination of Adult Learners’ Enrollment from 2004-2010. by Sara B. Kimmel, Kristena P. Gaylor, M. Ray Grubbs & J. Bryan Hayes, finally, â€Å"Nontraditional College Students: Assumptions, Perceptions and Directions for a Meaningful Academic Experience,† by Lakia Scott and Chance Lewis. These studies describe both the positive and negative challenges faced by the nontraditional student. Fi rst, the positive points are: â€Å"[i]n studies comparing traditional-age and adult learners, older students outperform young women,† and â€Å"adult women learners may experience a†¦ different and more positive transformation than their†¦younger†¦ counterparts† (162). Then other positive impacts are the gratification of going to college which increased skills, self- respect and personal freedom. Also, they write, â€Å"[i]n a sense, family was key to women’s inspiration to remain engaged in school. Earning a degree and†¦. family pride were strong motivators to invest in education. One way women were motivated by kin was the prospect of being the first person in their family to graduate from college†(168). These points are from the article, â€Å"Inspiration from Home† by Vacarro and Lovell. In the Scott and Lewis article, Nontraditional College†¦Ã¢â‚¬  found that â€Å"older learners are highly goal-oriented and expect feedback on assignments from their instructors, are likely to be active participants in their college courses† and â€Å"that older students will be more engaged†¦ persist longer, and even ask relevant questions when they are interested and motivated to learn about the subject† (2). Then there are negative challenges for the student as well. According to Hayes et al in their article â€Å"Good Times†¦,† some barriers to adult learners returning to college include personal and family commitments, financial limitations and a fear of returning to school (20). There have been numerous studies conducted with nontraditional age female students that state personal and work responsibilities are stressors that distract students. They purport that family and education are greedy institutions that are demanding of a woman’s time, attention and emotional strength. Also, it was found that many women do not have emotional support from family and receive not just negative reactions but downright hostility. There is a great chance that women will drop out of college because of the burdens that come with work, school and family (Vaccaro & Lovell 162). In the article â€Å"Nontraditional College.. † Scott & Lewis reference a study of college students over the age of 50 and they found â€Å"students age fifty and older†¦lack responsibility and motivation to study†¦compared to traditional students. † There has been an argument that the aging brain will not be able to absorb and learn college level courses (2). Then the finan cial issue, â€Å"[f]irst generation students are more likely to come from poor, working-class, and lower-middle–class backgrounds†¦although juggling family and work was extremely difficult, working-class women†¦realized there were no other options†¦ women in this study worked full-time jobs† (Vaccaro &Lovell 168). I concur that there are numerous positive and negative challenges confronting the female nontraditional student. The negative aspects are family demands interfering with the student’s time to study, the work obligation that conflicts with their schedule, or adult women students don’t have the motivation to do the necessary work assigned. Then there are financial ramifications of working a job while trying to attend college. On the other hand, the positive findings are that these learners are highly motivated, goal oriented people that want to achieve their college degree and become the first in their family to graduate from college. All these are very real issues that the adult student faces but if the student accepts these challenges and stays true to the goal ahead, a college degree is attainable.

Leaving Home

My brother, Ricky, sister, Amrit and I had only found out a week before, that we were just about to be whisked away to a foreign country we hadn't set in for seven years, and seven years before that. We would be staying there for a whole month, so as you can imagine, we were taken aback, yet somewhat sceptic, as we'd always heard our parents mentioning a trip to India for a few months, but never actually believed they would go to the bother of booking the tickets. After all, my mother had only taken my now 5-year-old sister to see her family there four years ago. My immediate concern was language. I can read and write my mother tongue, and understand what people are telling me, but wasn't very good at speaking back. I think this pleased my parents, they thought it would be good for us, as they knew we would have to start learning to talk in our mother tongue Punjabi. It wasn't really difficult to prepare for the trip, well not for me anyway. All I had to do was make sure I had a holiday form, homework and suitcase packed. However, my poor parents had to sort out the passports, visas, currency, jabs (ouch) and house security while we were away. I didn't really tell my friends until the last minute, as I was expecting a cancellation, change in plan or even told I'd been set up and it was all a joke. I was actually a little annoyed with my parents for not booking during school holidays, not because I'd miss school, only the workload I'd have to catch up on. But once they explained that they couldn't get a holiday the same time as us, I felt quite sorry for them. When I think back to it, I was actually disappointed that we were going to India, instead of Canada in the summer, which is where I was hoping go, which was no longer possible. India as I last remembered it, was freezing in the morning, and boiling in the afternoon (we went in December), pretty smelly, the people were scared to talk to me and my brother (my sister wasn't born then), and we didn't really want to say anything to them. The thing that disgusted me most about this country was definitely the latrines. I tried not to go to the toilet unless I had a full bladder and was desperate; it was also hard to get toilet paper over there. This time, we prepared ourselves with plenty of rolls before we left. I wasn't very impressed then, but it was also the reason we had gone in the first place, that we didn't feel like enjoying ourselves. It was pretty depressing, as my mother's brother had died in a tractor accident on Diwali, so my mother left England a few weeks before us to go to his funeral. I must admit that I was a little exited, as many of my relatives from Britain had gone a few weeks before us, so we would be meeting them there as well. The flight had been delayed three hours, so I didn't really have a positive attitude when we arrived at the airport. The one thing that thrilled me when we were boarding the plane was that the passengers went on the stairs instead of the corridor, like in the movies, so that we could actually see the plane as we were boarding it. I' m not scared of flying, but I did grow a little nervous as I approached the plane, the paintwork was hand done, the panels looked loose, and generally dirty. I didn't look like it would make it all the way to India. The airhostesses also looked scary. The were from Kyrgystan, the airline company we were travelling with, and spoke in Russian to each other and in a Russian accent to the passengers. I had to strain to understand them properly. They wore thick bright coloured make up, and were always smiling. This had the opposite effect on me than intended, they reminded me of clowns! Inside, the plane was pretty cramped, and during the take off, my ears hurt and I felt sick. Since we were stopping in Turkey for a break, and changing planes in Russia, I had to go through this six times before we even landed in India. On the plane journey, my family were relaxing, listening to music, and reading magazines, but I was working away, struggling to get my homework finished before we reached India, so I could feel free without the stress of having to catch up there. Although we would be so busy I wouldn't even have time. The whole journey lasted two days, the second plane was even worse. Russia is so cold, that there was ice forming inside the plane! It was brilliant when we actually landed in Delhi. The sun was out and the people at the airport were so welcoming. After we came out through customs, we were re-united with my sister's water gun, and mother's almond hair oil, which had been confiscated in Birmingham. I had to laugh. Then we came across a big problem. One of our suitcases was missing. It contained all of my Ricky's clothing. We could claim the contents on insurance, but had to take him shopping for new clothes as soon as possible. I was thirsty, and wanted a drink, but there was one thing that stood in my way, no rupees. While my parents sorted out the lost property forms, l sneaked over to one of the currency exchange bureaus and decided to test the Indian in the office. I got out one pound and put it on the desk. He said, â€Å"is that all? † grinning. I replied,† it's all I've got. † Then he said, â€Å"well only for you then! † I got my sixty-five rupees, and went straight to get a coffee. My mother and I went to the arrivals lounge, where we met my uncle. They were hugging each other, and they all started chatting in Punjabi. The poor man had been waiting for ages, as he hadn't known about the delay, so I went to get the rest of my family. I whispered to my mum â€Å"Mum, he looks nothing like you. † Then she told that he was her cousin, not her brother. We somehow managed to pack everything into the Sumo, which is like a type of jeep or taxi. I was squashed in the back, it was very uncomfortable, but I concentrated on everything around me. There were loads of children coming back from school in their mopeds. Apparently, the timing for our trip had been brilliant for the weather, but our cousins would be taking their exams at this time. In India, the children have to take an exam at the end of every school year; the result of this exam determines whether they will be allowed into the next class. If they fail, they will have to repeat the year. I felt a bit like an intruder when I heard this, because they would have vital work to do, and I would be expecting them to show me around or getting bored. We arrived at the village we would be staying at, Gureh in Ludhiana, Punjab for the next week at around about midnight. I was surprised; could say shocked at the state of the house. The standard was better than the housing in England. The layout is not quite the same, but there was a toilet, a decant shower area, separate bedrooms, and they even had a car. I met my aunt, and my cousin Manjit, who's eighteen years old. He seemed quite shy, and always walked with his head down. His sister who is my age was already gone to sleep. We dumped our bags in our room, and after about an hour, went to sleep. The next day, we got up late and relaxed the whole day. When I met Pardeep, I remembered her from seven years ago straight away. She was pretty cheeky, and sometimes a bit spoilt, but she showed me around the village. I felt ever so conscious of my clothes. I was wearing trousers and a top, but everybody else, in their salwar kameez (type of Indian suit) just smiled. For the next the day of two, we visited relatives from villages that lived near Ludhiana. My uncle drove us. I felt a bit rude, as I didn't remember many of them. One day that week, we took the car ourselves, and I was told I was going to go to Mussayala. This village I could not forget. Last time Ricky and I had great fun chasing after the chickens, feeding the cows the chapattis we refused to eat, running around with our uncles and aunts. They're actually our age, but it's one of the funny age differences that happen a lot in our family tree. At this village lived my great granddad, which gave me something to talk about at home. The only way I can think of to describe Mussayala is that it is one of those ancient forgotten old places in the middle of nowhere. The village had a single toilet, which was sometimes pretty embarrassing. As I thought about how many times we had watched the home video we made from last time, I grew more exited. But when we arrived, in the evening, my â€Å"cousins† acted as if they couldn't figure out who we were. Okay, so maybe my Punjabi wasn't great, but they were so shy. I hoped that this would not carry on. Because my parents had arranged to see an architect about the building on the plot of land for my grandmother. The only architects we knew of were in Chandigardh, the capital of Punjab. I didn't really have any expectations of the city at first, but was very impressed. We got there on the bus, which isn't the best way of travelling in India. We were out in the town, and got to travel in the rickshaws. The roads were a lot cleaner than those in the villages. It was practically like England. We went an actual fast food restaurant, but it didn't sell meat so we just ordered chips and pizza. I wasn't anticipating there would be so many young college students, who wore the same sort of trousers and top I did. I immediately regretted my decision to wear a traditional suit that day. This was the one time I would have felt comfortable in my normal English clothes, and I'd just wasted that chance. The architects had a proper office, and were very professional, not just some back room of a shop, and didn't take long to find. It wasn't a very long meeting, as my parents didn't have enough information about the plot to make a plan. The data had to be really detailed, such as which direction the sun rises. I didn't realise that little things like this affected the construction of a house. We wandered around the centre of the town for a while, and the things I saw made me sure I would have felt comfortable staying here for a few days. But the problem of having too many things to do and too little time to do it in always got in the way. The city is really quite modern and developed; in fact, the whole of the country has really progressed in the last seven years. The shantytowns still lie on the outskirts of the towns, but technology is more advanced and the nation has noticeably prospered. Some people in the farm villages were even walking around with mobile phones. I think that which area of India you see that affects the overall impression. If you compared somewhere like Mussayala to Gureh, you can really see the change. The original plan had been to spend one week in Punjab, two weeks in U. P. where my mums family lived, and go to somewhere like Goa or Bangalore for the remaining week, before heading back towards Delhi. Since we had spent so long in Punjab because of this plot business, this was no longer possible. My dad said that it was silly that we thought we could get everything done in only a month. I was delighted that my cousin Pardeep had holidays and could come to U. P. with us. We really couldn't afford to be lazy the day we were leaving, we got ready early that day, but were still delayed, as the Sumo we had hired had to go back and get a roof rack for all of our luggage. My mum gave the servants some money, and we left with everybody waving goodbye. I was very grateful for their hospitality. This trip took the whole day. Me, Pardeep, Ricky and Amrit sat at the back, parents in the middle and drivers at the front. I just read a magazine, my brother and sister played, and my cousin listened to the Walkman. We stopped off at a few of what would be the equivalent to cafes a few times, bought a supply of crisps and some drink, and went to the latrines while we had the chance. On the route to U. P. , we had to go through a beautiful rural state called Haryana. This is the sort of place where you meet village maids milking cows, there was green grass everywhere and the landscape was beautiful. I had never seen anywhere like it, not even in the Hindi films. On the map, the state was just a small chunk of land. As we came nearer to the heart of U. P. (my mum's family lived south of UP) we saw many women wearing cloths over their heads, there were many more Muslims living here. I also noticed that the signs were written in Hindi. It was annoying, because I couldn't understand what they said, and felt quite ignorant. In Punjab, the main language was Punjabi. Even when the people here spoke Punjabi, they did with a Hindi accent which was difficult to understand fully. I didn't realise that such a change could happen only across states. As it grew dark, we were just approaching the town nearest to my mum's village, Kashipur. We stopped here to buy some bottles of coke. It was here that I began to get exited, we were so near. Pardeep kept telling us how far we were. My mum had already warned me, that most of my cousins my age, would be at their boarding schools, but the younger ones would be here. I was a bit worried, but also enthusiastic. We were all half asleep when we arrived. As we approached the house, I saw a huge a mass of people waiting to welcome us. I never realised I had such a big family. We got out, and everyone was hugging everybody else. It felt good, even if you didn't know who was who. My mum began telling how I was related to everyone else which sometimes got a bit confusing. My older cousins were joking, telling me how they were planning to marry me off some overweight drunk from India. They were also joking about my brother, because he doesn't speak much Punjabi. â€Å"He wouldn't know if we were swearing at him though, would he? He'd just ignore it. † This made me laugh. During the next week, some of cousins came from boarding school for a bit, but there was only one day where everyone was there together, and that was on Ricky's birthday that was celebrated with a couple of party poppers. In the middle of the last week, me and my family, Pardeep, my mum's brother and his son, Jatinder, my mum's sister's daughter, Kuldeep, and my mum's late brother's daughter, Amandeep, who is a bit bratty went on a day trip to Nainital, a village on the foothills of the Himalayas. This is the place my parents visited when they first bought Ricky and me to India. My brother and I of course couldn't remember the place at all, and didn't understand why they were so keen to go back there again. But when we actually got there, we soon found out. We were all crammed into the back of a jeep, and arrived in two and a half hours. During which Jatinder, who was sitting opposite me, flicked nuts at me, tapped me continually and succeeded in annoying me, although he is a year older. Nainital was BRILLIANT. It reminded me of Nepal. The people looked Nepalese and spoke in a Nepalese accent. We even dressed in Nepalese costume and took photos. We went on a few rides, and rode on some horses up the mountains. The view on the ski lift was spectacular, and the scenery of the Himalayas was amazing. Me, Ricky, Jatinder and Pardeep went to on a paddleboat on a large lake for an hour or so. This was tiring, yet relaxing at the same time. It was shortly after this, that we left to go back to UP. I was disappointed when we returned to Delhi for our last night. I didn't miss England at all, not even the tele. There were tears as we left the village. I felt sick at the bottom of my stomach when we waved goodbye. I'd got a little gift for each of my cousins, and made my uncle promise he'd make sure they got them. † See you in four months† I said to him, as we dragged our entire luggage to the x-rays. I knew there wasn't much chance of my parents letting me come back in the summer holidays, even though I told them I was willing to go alone. Apparently, it was so hot, that I wouldn't be able to survive, and would get ill quickly. When Kuldeep asked me when I was coming back, I jokingly told her on her wedding day, though she is only seventeen, but I was surprised when she made keep it as a promise to her. I had picked up many skills throughout the holiday. These include: milking a cow, driving a tractor, making ghee, and insulting somebody in Punjabi, many of which are pretty useless to me in Britain, but it was the experience of learning theses things from my relatives that I treasure. When the plane landed in Britain, I don't think I've ever felt so down. I still want to turn around and go straight back. The weather suited my mood perfectly, it was pouring down. My friends at school and family said there were three things that had changed about me. My skin colour was darker, or as my friend Shona said, â€Å"glowing†. (This sounded much nicer. ) I had also lost a bit of weight, which I have unfortunately regained. I think the change that most people especially my relatives noticed was, that I spoke much nicer Punjabi, and my words flowed better. I think this is because, in England, I could get away with thinking in English, translating the words into the other language, and then letting them out. Whereas in India, you must think sharply and reply quickly, so I had to train my mind to think, as well as speak in Punjabi, which is why it has improved so much. Leaving Home It was the last time I saw my Mother. My grieving pain for my mothers love infinitely grew. She was god in my eyes but was I the god given daughter she had hoped for? Everyday I had run to her absorbing her warmth as I wrapped my long limbs around her waist. The waist that had carried me for nine months, but was I worth the wait? Mother's predictable great force would transfer into my weakened bones forcing me to collapse onto the striped wooden floor. I would land with a thud hoping that the chances of me receiving a hug the next day would increase. Maybe my accidental escape was for the best. Perhaps I was destined for this moment, this was fait in the palms of my hand, waiting for me to reach out and snatch the opportunity. Mother had snatched my rights to live as a normal human being away. It was forbidden for me to even talk to her. I needed permission. I told my self through every breath that everything would end up right, I was right. Rain, rain everywhere. Summer had died out, until next year. Autumn had approached me. My memory remained in the happy days but my solidified body moved on with life. My inner self, deep down, stands proud and fearless to this world creation signed to god. I always believed that if god brings you to it, he will bring you to it. I was eight. I was blessed with the perfect parents. Both their hearts were fulfilled with love and care. Every moment was heavenly. I lived in an averaged sized, 3-bedroom apartment in what was considered ‘normal. ‘ It was good enough for me. The oval shaped window revealed its outer secrets, the growing towers bordered with a beautiful skyline. Father was a man of great expectations. A man of many wise words. His broad shoulders would easily swing me from side to side like a wild hungry lion ripping and swinging his possession; his raw meat. In my case I was the loving prey for my Father, the predator, the bread winner of the family. I was his little princess. Mother was a lady, petite sized with a facial appearance carved from the clouds up above, the clouds in heaven. Mother was a woman who glowed with love for me. Her greatest asset was her silky, black locks that matched her thinly waxed eyebrows which also complimented her brown tan. One day, for the first time every Mother and Father were in their bedroom raving. It wasn't a common sign which usually are positive. I could hear smashing and slamming against the walls. My ears sensed danger. They were noises that I had never heard before. The sense of love that flowed like a river through the air had shattered into broken pieces like corrupted glass which were non-fixable. I could barely make out what was being said. My distraction towards the aromatic spices and herbs from the kitchen flew up my tempted nose. The cuisine had blended with my tears of sadness. I couldn't understand, everything used to be perfect, what could have happened? Before the argument I had thought of Mother's voice as a relaxing tone, music being played from a magical flute that only she could master. Then the tables had turned. My voice seemed as sweet as sugar compared to mothers. Hers was now flat and dull. The lifeless mono-tone wasn't Mother at all. It was as if a Hoover had vacuumed out the energy, the encouragement, the enthusiasm. I thought that the past argument was normal for all married couples until it became a trend. To see physical fighting would be less painful than my pain. It felt as if a needle had attempted to pierce its way through my heart but got stuck leaving never ending pain. The trend became daily. The light ore around both my parents, especially Mother, had faded into the dark shadows. As everyday passed the hatred between the two grew and grew. Mother's once soft, tanned skin mounted with make up for affect had altered to a yellow, pale colour. I preferred Mother without make up but it was far better then seeing Mother like this. She didn't even attempt to make her self look better. You could tell by the way that she lounged around the house that she was too lazy to even care. Mother would sit on the Indian decorated sofas which stood out. The black, long shiny hair had also moved on to knotted tangles. Personally I blame the bottles containing alcohol that Mother used to wash down accompanied with her finger-sized cigarettes. I would watch her drown her sorrows as the booze over took her mind flooding her inner self with this poison. Mother's behavior began to really show. As much as I detested my life I loved it. Half of my heart, the candy half, told me everything would be fine and to carry on loving Mother but the other half, the cold half, would send messages to my brain whispering in my ears for me to leave. To escape! Escape to where though? All the pressure from my parent's constant arguments was too much for me to handle. My sensitive brain was over powered. The repeated parrot phrase ‘leave home' would haunt me in my dreams. Everyday before bed time I would bend my legs, clasp my hands tightly together so pearls of sweat would form. I would pray to god with devotion asking for him to solve my problems. I wished to exit my world of stress and tension. I never gave up. I waited and waited and waited†¦ The day came unexpectedly. With care I would drift pass Mother's negative energy. Deep down my love grew towards Mother no matter what she was. Mother was soft and sweet like gum on the inside but her hardened shell took over on the outside. She was brainwashed. I was always alert of every sharp movement she made, every sligh glance she gave me in the corner of her beady camera eyes, every snarl she would utter under her rotten breath. I quickly limped across the carpet like a sneaky mouse to find my self in front of the powerful door. I called it the ‘deciding door' as it decided weather I should leave the house and never return. On the way I had passed the rose red, ribena stain from when I spilt my glass on the floor. Mother had rescued me from injury. The memories were so fresh in my mind. It was as if it were yesterday. As I opened the door, the invisible wind flew in and out of my ears sending shivers up and down my spine as if an elevator were traveling to different floors. I would stand there shivering, imagining myself in Mothers arms. The whole of my Indian coloured skin would cover in goose bumps, each individual one containing a hair all stood up equal sized looking like they were under commandment in an army. My first step onto the African rug could have been my last. I wished. My long legged limbs would co-operate together so I could travel to where I wished to travel. They were under my instructions. I reached the pavement on the sides of the roads. As the first car lead the rest my heat rotated at a ninety degree angle to the right. No cars in sight. As I reached mid point in the road an internal feeling of sickness approached me. I looked down to find no blood. My consciousness was fading vastly. As I tried to demand my legs to get up they laid there lifelessly. I blinked once, the blue sky. I blinked twice, half the sky. I blinked 3 times, nothing†¦ Leaving Home It was the last time I saw my Mother. My grieving pain for my mothers love infinitely grew. She was god in my eyes but was I the god given daughter she had hoped for? Everyday I had run to her absorbing her warmth as I wrapped my long limbs around her waist. The waist that had carried me for nine months, but was I worth the wait? Mother's predictable great force would transfer into my weakened bones forcing me to collapse onto the striped wooden floor. I would land with a thud hoping that the chances of me receiving a hug the next day would increase. Maybe my accidental escape was for the best. Perhaps I was destined for this moment, this was fait in the palms of my hand, waiting for me to reach out and snatch the opportunity. Mother had snatched my rights to live as a normal human being away. It was forbidden for me to even talk to her. I needed permission. I told my self through every breath that everything would end up right, I was right. Rain, rain everywhere. Summer had died out, until next year. Autumn had approached me. My memory remained in the happy days but my solidified body moved on with life. My inner self, deep down, stands proud and fearless to this world creation signed to god. I always believed that if god brings you to it, he will bring you to it. I was eight. I was blessed with the perfect parents. Both their hearts were fulfilled with love and care. Every moment was heavenly. I lived in an averaged sized, 3-bedroom apartment in what was considered ‘normal. ‘ It was good enough for me. The oval shaped window revealed its outer secrets, the growing towers bordered with a beautiful skyline. Father was a man of great expectations. A man of many wise words. His broad shoulders would easily swing me from side to side like a wild hungry lion ripping and swinging his possession; his raw meat. In my case I was the loving prey for my Father, the predator, the bread winner of the family. I was his little princess. Mother was a lady, petite sized with a facial appearance carved from the clouds up above, the clouds in heaven. Mother was a woman who glowed with love for me. Her greatest asset was her silky, black locks that matched her thinly waxed eyebrows which also complimented her brown tan. One day, for the first time every Mother and Father were in their bedroom raving. It wasn't a common sign which usually are positive. I could hear smashing and slamming against the walls. My ears sensed danger. They were noises that I had never heard before. The sense of love that flowed like a river through the air had shattered into broken pieces like corrupted glass which were non-fixable. I could barely make out what was being said. My distraction towards the aromatic spices and herbs from the kitchen flew up my tempted nose. The cuisine had blended with my tears of sadness. I couldn't understand, everything used to be perfect, what could have happened? Before the argument I had thought of Mother's voice as a relaxing tone, music being played from a magical flute that only she could master. Then the tables had turned. My voice seemed as sweet as sugar compared to mothers. Hers was now flat and dull. The lifeless mono-tone wasn't Mother at all. It was as if a Hoover had vacuumed out the energy, the encouragement, the enthusiasm. I thought that the past argument was normal for all married couples until it became a trend. To see physical fighting would be less painful than my pain. It felt as if a needle had attempted to pierce its way through my heart but got stuck leaving never ending pain. The trend became daily. The light ore around both my parents, especially Mother, had faded into the dark shadows. As everyday passed the hatred between the two grew and grew. Mother's once soft, tanned skin mounted with make up for affect had altered to a yellow, pale colour. I preferred Mother without make up but it was far better then seeing Mother like this. She didn't even attempt to make her self look better. You could tell by the way that she lounged around the house that she was too lazy to even care. Mother would sit on the Indian decorated sofas which stood out. The black, long shiny hair had also moved on to knotted tangles. Personally I blame the bottles containing alcohol that Mother used to wash down accompanied with her finger-sized cigarettes. I would watch her drown her sorrows as the booze over took her mind flooding her inner self with this poison. Mother's behavior began to really show. As much as I detested my life I loved it. Half of my heart, the candy half, told me everything would be fine and to carry on loving Mother but the other half, the cold half, would send messages to my brain whispering in my ears for me to leave. To escape! Escape to where though? All the pressure from my parent's constant arguments was too much for me to handle. My sensitive brain was over powered. The repeated parrot phrase ‘leave home' would haunt me in my dreams. Everyday before bed time I would bend my legs, clasp my hands tightly together so pearls of sweat would form. I would pray to god with devotion asking for him to solve my problems. I wished to exit my world of stress and tension. I never gave up. I waited and waited and waited†¦ The day came unexpectedly. With care I would drift pass Mother's negative energy. Deep down my love grew towards Mother no matter what she was. Mother was soft and sweet like gum on the inside but her hardened shell took over on the outside. She was brainwashed. I was always alert of every sharp movement she made, every sligh glance she gave me in the corner of her beady camera eyes, every snarl she would utter under her rotten breath. I quickly limped across the carpet like a sneaky mouse to find my self in front of the powerful door. I called it the ‘deciding door' as it decided weather I should leave the house and never return. On the way I had passed the rose red, ribena stain from when I spilt my glass on the floor. Mother had rescued me from injury. The memories were so fresh in my mind. It was as if it were yesterday. As I opened the door, the invisible wind flew in and out of my ears sending shivers up and down my spine as if an elevator were traveling to different floors. I would stand there shivering, imagining myself in Mothers arms. The whole of my Indian coloured skin would cover in goose bumps, each individual one containing a hair all stood up equal sized looking like they were under commandment in an army. My first step onto the African rug could have been my last. I wished. My long legged limbs would co-operate together so I could travel to where I wished to travel. They were under my instructions. I reached the pavement on the sides of the roads. As the first car lead the rest my heat rotated at a ninety degree angle to the right. No cars in sight. As I reached mid point in the road an internal feeling of sickness approached me. I looked down to find no blood. My consciousness was fading vastly. As I tried to demand my legs to get up they laid there lifelessly. I blinked once, the blue sky. I blinked twice, half the sky. I blinked 3 times, nothing†¦

The Great Baby Einstein Scam Essay

The text â€Å"The Great Baby Einstein Scam† was written by Mira Jacob. This text is an argumentative issue giving details supporting why parents should not buy materials, such as videos, in hopes of their babies becoming geniuses. The sole purpose of this article is to inform the public of Disney’s inconspicuous way of apologizing for their attempt at misleading parents to believe that they had developed a â€Å"Baby Einstein† video for babies, in whom these videos hopefully would turn your baby into little geniuses, was to issue out refunds. This video, called â€Å"Baby Einstein,† have had a disappointing outcome, which caused an upset, especially with parents. This video used a known genius â€Å"Einstein† to promote its sales. The readers are parents with babies six months to two years, wanting their children to have an advantage of being very smart. These readers are those that knew Einstein was a genius, which gave the scammers leverage for the â€Å"Baby Einstein† video scam. The readers are those who wanted to believe that there is a magical, wondrous, no parental-guidance-required product that will turn their kids into Mensa members. Mira Jacob, is an editor at the online magazine Shine. She was intrigued by an article in the New York Times that said Disney was offering a refund to buyers of â€Å"Baby Einstein† videos that did not do as it promised. The author wants the parents not to depend on every â€Å"educational† toy out there. One constraint is a large number of parents with babies ages six months to two years were convinced to buy the â€Å"Baby Einstein† videos. Another constraint is parents believing that if their babies watched the video the babies would become geniuses. Another constraint is the combination of our lack of time, our paranoia over our kid’s performance, and our faith in technology that caused this generation of parents to accept the clever advertising of the video to be considered as truth. The Exigence of this article is parents with babies six months to two years bought the videos that help their child a chance at becoming a Genius? The only problem with all of this is the video didn’t work.

The Importance Of Providing A Quality-Learning Environment Essay

The Importance Of Providing A Quality-Learning Environment - Essay Example st motivating feature about her is that she is able to orient herself precisely in her classroom, meaning that she can develop knowledge and skills to enable her to pursue her studies further. Underlying concepts and principles associated with working with people MDVI When working with people with such impairments, multidisciplinary teams such as teachers need to consider several principles such as demonstrating a number of academic studies and writing skills that are most consistent to their physical challenge. Like in Sarah’s case, there should be a way to demonstrate an ability to relate a precise approach to the acquisition of new skills that will benefit her in respect to intervention and support strategies (Lee & MacWilliam, 2002). It is important to reflect upon several specialized practical and personal skills connected to mobility, independence, and orientation of different approaches used when working with people with MDVI. However, it is also recommended that one un derstands the ethical principles as they apply to dealing with this group of people. The skills taught should be of good quality and be transferable to wider fields of the context. There must be planning techniques and systems that acknowledge that MDVI individuals deserve better than just being relegated to teacher planning systems that do not consider personal contextual issues in their lives. It should be considered that young MDVI learners have numerous barriers to battle without educators putting more effort in their daily learning. This is the reason why teachers should set a goal to provide a cool learning environment by planning on a flexible individualized system of educating the learners. It helps to enhance the participation of an MDVI individual in learning since it helps the person... Working with a child or individual with multiple disabilities and visual impairments is not as easy as working with a normal person. Like in Sarah’s case, she has coloboma in her right eye and microphthalmia in her left but has a low hearing ability, that is why she uses Makaton to communicate. Students with related disabilities also need special systems such as   In this sense, some of these students come from poor backgrounds and may not afford such implements. This makes learning difficult since they cannot do without them. Further, educators, therapists, and fellow students need to use such tools in order to communicate to them, which may not be so easy. Impairments vary from child to child, and it may be a challenge to know how each child communicates his or her feelings. Failing to be understood, such children may lose motivation and this might affect their learning outcomes.Sarah needs assistance to take in her meals. Other students with multiple disabilities will as well require special equipment or help with feeding. Such assistive technologies like environmental control devices and adapted cups and spoons should be provided to motivate their eating skills.  Teachers sometimes find it hard to take care of such students, so they have to use many opportunities and examples to put in practice functional skills like self-feeding and dressing, within natural, meaningful, and relevant contexts of their daily learning.

The Philosophy of Science and The Problem of Confirming Scientific Essay

The Philosophy of Science and The Problem of Confirming Scientific Hypotheses - Essay Example What philosophy of science does is to examine these concepts and to ask questions about them. In this essay, I shall focus on the problem of understanding how observation and theory confirm scientific hypotheses. â€Å"What connection between an observation and a theory makes that observation evidence for the theory† (Godfrey-Smith, 2003, p.39)? Herein, I shall argue that although science fails to provide certainty and reliability in confirming scientific hypotheses, a theory of confirmation is not impossible; what is impossible is to model a scientific theory of confirmation to that of a formal theory of confirmation. In this light, despite the problems induction poses, confirming scientific hypotheses is necessarily inductive. Given this, I shall divide my paper into four main parts. The first part will discuss with the problem of confirmation in relation to induction. Herein, I shall discuss David Hume’s (1978) problem of induction, a theory closely related to the pr oblem of confirming scientific hypotheses. The second part will discuss the theory of confirmation in relation to scientific explanations. Herein, Carl Hempel’s (1965) model for scientific explanation will be emphasized. In the third section, I shall focus on Nelson Goodman’s (1983) â€Å"new riddle of induction.†... Confirmation and Induction â€Å"The confirmation of theories is closely connected to another classic issue in philosophy: the problem of induction† (Godfrey-Smith, 2003, p. 39). Scientists reason inductively in order to confirm their hypotheses. But does it mean to reason inductively? An Inductive argument on the other hand is one wherein even if the premises are true, the conclusion can only be probably true. For example: The swan I saw last Monday was white. The swan I saw last Tuesday was white. The swan I saw last Wednesday was white. Therefore, all swans are white. Given the said example, it can be said that the conclusion, â€Å"all swans are white† is not a conclusion that is absolutely true, because its contrary is possible. Case in point, in Australia, there are swans, which are black. This in effect, questions the validity of the conclusion. Now according to scientists, it is better to reason deductively rather than inductively, because in deductive reasoning , we can be certain if we start with true premises, the analysis will be true as well. Inductive reasoning can take us to false contradictions. Now the problem of induction is magnified in Hume’s (1978) â€Å"problem of induction.† Here, Hume uses the process of induction to question inductive reasoning itself. To his view, how sure are we that induction works? Just because induction worked in the past, it does not follow that induction will work in the future or in reference to future events. Hume’s view is founded on his explanation of the uniformity of nature. This assumes the rational order of the universe. This type of order is characterized in a spectrum of regularities wherein the events and relations among things that we have not examined yet, will be the same

Money, Freedom, desire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Money, Freedom, desire - Essay Example The core of the modern world in regard to all of these aspects of life is money. Money provides the means through which humans socialize, fuel their physical needs, and exist within a framework conducive for learning. While freedom is a concept that human beings like to throw around through frameworks that suggest independence, the truth is that freedom does not exist as dependency on a variety of concepts must be initialized and maintained in order to survive. Georg Simmel, in his work The Philosophy of Money, discusses the concepts of freedom as it relates to interdependency in the modern context. The need for money becomes a central dependency from which all other dependencies are built. His discussion includes the contrast of modern man to primitive man, the focus being on the types of dependencies that primitive man in comparison to modern man. Primitive cultures had limited numbers of people through which they created their existence. A tribe may have 30 or 40 people, or maybe even more, but the number of people required to survive was a limited grouping. In this modern age, man requires the people who support the business for which they work, the patrons of that business, the grocery store system, the fuel system for vehicles, and so many large groups of people through whom needs are fulfilled that solitary freedom is near impossible to achieve. If these services were to break down, modern man would be at a loss to find a way to perpetuate his existence. The social lubricant that allows all of these systems to operate is money. Money is the currency that creates value exchange within these systems. The economic system is designed so that in exchange for work, rather than goods and services, money is given so that it can be exchanged for goods and services. It is the intermediary through which interactions and dependencies are created. The novel Madame Bovary: A Study of Provincial Life, Gustave Flaubert examines the many ‘needs’ that live wi thin human existence. The first interdependency is shown through the social climbing that is done by Charles Bovary through his marriage to his first wife, then through his second wife Emma who turns towards desire and drama when her emotional needs are not fulfilled through a conventional life. Emma has fulfilled her basic needs and comforts, her needs for food and shelter beyond her worries. She is restless and feels that she is confined by the structures that have provided these basic needs. Her thoughts of freedom turn outside of her marriage, leading her to seek adventures of desire in order to feel that need to be free. She thinks â€Å"They ran back again to embrace once more, and then she promised him to find soon, by no matter what means, a regular opportunity for seeing each other in freedom at least once a week† (Flaubert and Ranous 270). In her conventional life, she was bound by its responsibilities and lack of emotional engagement, but through her indiscretions, she found moments of freedom. Through her desire to accumulate, to accumulate lovers, possessions, and luxuries, she fulfilled her need for freedom by creating surrogates for the emptiness that her normative life presented her. Mariama Ba discusses a similar theme in her work on marriage in Western Africa and the implications of a misogynist society

Literature by Women of Color Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Literature by Women of Color - Essay Example In essence, food imagery is not only about material substance per se but also substantial materials or elements that refine and define a particular literary work. By and large, food is central to the narrative of the three texts. This paper touches the vibrant role that food serves in these literary pieces. It also explores food as a symbol and a mediator. The role of food significantly contributes to the theme of the piece and other elements characterized in literature. First, the image of food substantially helps visualized the narrative of the story. In â€Å"A Temporary Matter,† for instance, the almost empty pantry -- where food items are stock -- suggests the emptiness and absence of comfort needed for family who just lost a child. The failure to fill-up foodstuffs into the pantry, which used to be constantly filled-up and refilled, dramatically implies the failure to fill-up the sunken emotions between the husband and the wife, namely, Shoba and Shukumar. Second, food imagery vividly shows the character’s inner mind and heart. In â€Å"When Mr. Pirzada Came to Dine,† for example, the confections that the main character brings to the host’s house strongly suggest his fatherly love of, and probably his missing of the, children. With the absence of his daughters, Mr. Pirzada tries to connect to his girls through the candies and cakes he gives to little Lilia. Foodstuffs permit the character to care and hope for the lives and safety of his family back home. Third, food in literature reveals the cultural upbringing and background of the characters in the piece. The foodstuffs apparent in Lilia’s home, which the characters share and eat, are expressions of shared culture and tradition. For instance, the chewing of fennel seeds after meal, the avoidance of drinking alcohol, among other things, are vital signs of inherited heritage of food etiquette from generation to generation. The invocation of the food names and

South East Asia Currency Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

South East Asia Currency Crisis - Essay Example These factors included currency speculation, financial imbalances, exchange rate collapse, high inflation rates, excess borrowing and investment in the these countries that were facing crisis, trade deficits, political inflexibilities, and to some extent restrictions imposed by IMF package. As a result, the impacts resulted in the stock market failure, currency depreciation, decline in per capita GDP, excessive borrowing to save the economies, investment withdrawal, international agencies bank ratings to those exposed to the crisis, and fluctuation of imports and exports affecting the countries’ return. Some countries relied on the IMF to provide capital to stabilize the exchange rates and prevent further liquidity in those countries. Other measures involved reforming the monetary policies, financial regulation and asset management. While a country like Japan solved their bankruptcy case with their reserves, other comparative nations in the crisis had depleted theirs. Studying the crisis is a constant reminder of how worse a currency and stock market failure can become a contagion in linked markets. It also allows researchers to examine how each economy solved the crisis after spreading from Thailand, exploring the differences in policies taken and

NPS Deploying network policy server Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

NPS Deploying network policy server - Essay Example Each and every employee in the organization who participates in project implementation has the responsibility do so. Because of the reason above, the best way in ensuring data security in for one central park and at the same time being economical to the company is by investing it the team’s technology. Technology is very dynamic and new things come every other time. When a principle instructs the vendor to direct or educate the employees on information system security the concerned employees feel that their contribution to the company is valued. The information security system that is supposed to be implemented in a bank must take in consideration the four major principles of information security. These are information confidentiality, integrity, authenticity and availability. Information confidentiality is whereby the information of a company is protected from getting into the hands of people who are not authorized. Integrity is a security factor that stops undetected modific ation of data for example the issue of students examination result cannot be modified or edited by unauthorized person because it is only the examination coordinator that have the right of doing editing it. The integrity is breached when anybody who is not an exam coordinator make an amendments. Authenticity means that particular information that is used for a certain purpose is genuine. The validity of individual that get access to some data is ensured by using authentication methods for example he use of password. The security of information that goes via internet is aided by ensuring that the channel that it goes through is the right one (Mueller, 2011). This is by use of IP address that is assigned to each computer. Availability means that the information is accessible anytime the users want. The paper gives details on implementing Network Policy Server in one central park. Security vulnerability Servers are network-based. This exposes all the data it contains to network attacks . A network attacker can use the exposures in the protocols that are ranked high and stronger applications to cultivate the disadvantage that are not checked by the firewalls that are of previous version. The access may prove dangerous as the client data would be reviewed during the transfer to a third party and it would be difficult to track as the activity is a part of the process created for a particular server and hence the severity of this activity is high. Considering the fact that only the users that are involved into this activity will have access to the transferred data, the likelihood of any intrusion is moderate. Database server that stores employee information uses student’s identification details as the only form of security. A password cracker that can overcome the technology used in designing the password can get access to the employee information. More so, database administrator’s password can be cracked and modification. Company’s information fo r example policies can create a mess in the institution. Super user privileges grant a great amount of power to any party who has access to the super user account. If an aggressive party is able to access a super user account on the database server they will be able to copy. The wireless access point devices are vulnerable to physical damages for example fire or theft. This will lead to denial of services in the entire department that

Nintendo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Nintendo - Essay Example Nintendo’s mission statement clearly reflects the company’s core purpose, its identity, values and, to a large extent, the company’s main business aims. Nintendo’s vision is expanding its market by creating innovative products that would appeal strongly to the larger gaming population. Through its vision, for example, the company has been able to produce smaller consoles that are not only cheaper, but also easier to use.2 Nintendo’s decision to create smaller consoles boosted its sales and effectively edged out its main competitors i.e. Microsoft’s Xbox 360 and Sony’s play station 3. In addition, while Nintendo’s competitors rushed to creating more powerful and high definition consoles, the company opted to stick with the standard resolution hardware. Instead Nintendo focused its energies to creating a console that would appeal even to non-gamers population. Nintendo’s strategy is to tailor its products according to the needs of its target segments, and one way of achieving the same is being different. The company, for instance, has been able to produce portable gaming into the market effectively challenging Sony’s PlayStation Portable. Nintendo’s Wii that came with improved features, for example, was produced in order to counter Microsoft’s Xbox 360 and help extend Nintendo’s prestige. Nintendo Company has the following strategies in the gaming industry. Following Nintendo’s many years of operation in the gaming industry, the company has gained enormous experience. As a result, the company can use cost advantage through analysis of its cost drivers such as backward integration. While the company’s competitors develop their games using their facilities, Nintendo uses off-the-shelf parts from different suppliers. Rather than produce own chip, Nintendo acquires the same from a supplier and at a cheaper cost. As a result, Nintendo was able to introduce the Wii at a relatively low cost compared to Sony’s PS3

Employee Performance Essay Example for Free

Employee Performance Essay The methods presented here are designed to develop elements and standards that measure employee and work unit accomplishments rather than to develop  other measures that are often used in appraising performance, such as measuring behaviors or competencies. Although this handbook includes a discussion of the importance of balancing measures, the main focus presented here is to measure accomplishments. Consequently, much of the information presented in the first five steps of this eightstep process applies when supervisors and employees want to measure results. However, the material presented in Steps 6 through 8 about developing standards, monitoring performance, and checking the performance plan apply to all measurement approaches. A HANDBOOK FOR MEASURING EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE foreword The handbook has four chapters and three appendices: ⠝™ CHAPTER 1 gives the background and context of performance management that you will need to understand before beginning the eight-step process. ⠝™ CHAPTER 2 defines accomplishments, which is key to using this handbook successfully. ⠝™ CHAPTER 3 includes a detailed description of the eight-step process for developing employee performance plans that are aligned with and support organizational goals. ⠝™ CHAPTER 4 provides study tools, including a followup quiz and a quick reference for the eight-step process. ⠝™ THE APPENDICES contain example standards that were written specifically for appraisal programs that appraise performance on elements at five, three, and two levels. After reading the instructional material, studying the examples, and completing the exercises in this book, you should be able to: ⠝™ DEVELOP a performance plan that aligns individual performance with organizational goals  Ã¢ â„¢ USE a variety of methods to determine work unit and individual  accomplishments ⠝™ DETERMINE the difference between activities and accomplishments ⠝™ EXPLAIN regulatory requirements for employee performance plans P E R F O R M A N C E M A N A G E M E N T: B A C K G R O U N D A N D C O N T E X T emember the story about the naive student in his first English literature course who was worried because he didn’t know what prose was? When he found out that prose was ordinary speech, he exclaimed, â€Å"Wow! I’ve been speaking prose all my life!† Managing performance well is like speaking prose. Many managers have been â€Å"speaking† and practicing effective performance management naturally all their supervisory lives, but don’t know it! Some people mistakenly assume that performance management is concerned only with following regulatory requirements to appraise and rate performance. Actually, assigning ratings of record is only one part of the overall process (and perhaps the least important part). Performance management is the systematic process of: ⠝™ planning work and setting expectations ⠝™ continually monitoring performance ⠝™ developing the capacity to perform ⠝™ periodically rating performance in a summary fashion ⠝™ rewarding good performance The revisions made in 1995 to the governmentwide performance appraisal and awards regulations support â€Å"natural† performance management. Great care was taken to ensure that the requirements those regulations establish would complement and not conflict with the kinds of activities and actions effective managers are practicing as a matter of course. PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT: BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT PLANNING In an effective organization, work is planned out in advance. Planning means setting performance expectations and goals for groups and individuals to channel their efforts toward achieving organizational objectives. Getting employees involved in the planning process will help them understand the goals of the organization, what needs to be done, why it needs to be done, and how well it should be done. The regulatory requirements for planning employees’ performance include establishing the elements and standards of their performance appraisal plans. Performance elements and standards should be measurable, understandable, verifiable, equitable, and achievable. Through critical elements, employees are held accountable as individuals for work assignments or responsibilities. Employee performance plans should be flexible so that they can be adjusted for changing program objectives and work requirements. When used effectively, these plans can be beneficial working documents that are discussed often, and not merely paperwork that is filed in a drawer and seen only when ratings of record are required. MONITORING In an effective organization, assignments and projects are monitored continually. Monitoring well means consistently measuring performance and providing ongoing feedback to employees and work groups on their progress toward reaching their goals. The regulatory requirements for monitoring performance include conducting progress reviews with employees where their performance is compared against their elements and standards. Ongoing monitoring provides the supervisor the opportunity to check how well employees are meeting predetermined standards and to make changes to unrealistic or problematic standards. By monitoring continually, supervisors can identify unacceptable performance at any time during the appraisal period and provide assistance to address such performance rather than wait until the end of the period when summary rating levels are assigned. MEASURE WHAT IS IMPORTANT—NOT WHAT IS EASY TO MEASURE It is easy to count the number of days since a project began, but if that is all that you measure, is that enough information to assess performance? No, probably not. Or if, for example, a customer service team only measures the number of calls that come into the team (the easy measure) and does not attempt to measure customer satisfaction with its service (the more difficult measure), the team does not have complete information about its performance and has no idea how well it is serving its customers. In addition, because what gets measured gets done, the team will probably focus on how it can increase the number of calls it receives and ignore the quality of service it provides. As a result, organizations need to anticipate the behavioral and unintended consequences of measuring performance. As an example, recently a medical laboratory came under fire because of the errors it made in certain of its cancer tests. A high number of cancer tests that the laboratory had approved as negative turned out to be wrong—cancer had actually been

Ecommerce Initiative Essay Example for Free

Ecommerce Initiative Essay This paper focuses on pointing out the way planning electronic commerce initiatives. In order to support the ideas that are going to be shown, four online articles will be cited. The articles are: Ethics in advertising by Dr. Gomathi Viswanathan, Advertising Regulation – How to avoid inciting the FTC’s wrath by Jay N. Sawyer, and New Online Marketing Regulation – The dos and don’ts by Alan J. Grainger. E-commerce initiatives Planning electronic commerce initiatives: There are steps that one should follow when planning for the e-business initiatives when one is using markets, processes, services and products that already exist. The first step is to come up with the e-business initiative objectives which are the accomplishments that the business intends to meet. The decisions about the objectives that the business should consider includes the risks that may arise when the initiative is being carried out and the expected costs and benefits of carrying out the initiative. The objective should also consider the way resources are to be allocated when carrying out the initiative (Schneider, 2011). One should also analyze the scope that the initiative functions and this involves the use of online specialists that would help in the implementation of the electronic commerce initiative. This should involve the use of the data analytics and also the visual designers, people who will be involved in the interaction design and information design. One should also involve the use of specialists in marketing channel who would help in ensuring that the initiative is well promoted through the best marketing channel. The organization should invest in the important functions that would help in promoting the online business (Mckenzie, n. d). The team carrying out the initiative should have good communication channels that would help the organization to meet their objectives and to promote change in the organization. The team should have strong leaders that would help push for the implementation of the initiative and those that will ensure teamwork so as to meet the set deadline. The leaders should be able to report problems that arise during the planning period so as to prevent faults that would affect the online business (Mckenzie, n. d). The business processes, planning and implementation should be integrated and they should all be carried out online. It is also important to come up with a plan that would help the team members perform their tasks depending on the set plan. The organization should also ensure that they are able to retain the employees because there is a great demand for the people with talents in digital retail. This is because most of the consumers prefer shopping online and therefore, most businesses prefer using electronic business. Most of the companies have come up with electronic commerce initiatives and therefore when one is planning for this initiative, it is important to hire qualified personnel that will help provide ideas for competitive advantage (Mckenzie, n. d). When carrying out the plan, the team should include the performance review, deployment, testing of the initiative, implementation and feasibility analysis. The company should also make the initiative a priority and there should also be the analysis of how sustainable the initiative should be regarding the benefits it will provide. The managers should use the needs of the customers so as to ensure that their needs are met when planning is taking place and also it would help the company to identify the type of market segment to focus on the plan should be one that ensures that products that are offered are delivered on time and that there should be the best way to respond to the consumer queries (Muylle Basu, 2007). The people using e-commerce can also form joint ventures if they plan to carry out business online. People believe that these associations help in reducing costs of marketing and ensure that integrity and trust exists when carrying out business. People tend to rely on external and internal resources in maintaining and developing resources that are web-based. Associations that are more mature involve strategic partners and the core staff. Joint ventures are important in e-commerce because they encourage financial investment and competencies such as marketing, management and technology. It is therefore important for the organization to analyze the competitors before forming the associations (Lang, 2000). The organization should also identify and measure the benefits of initiating electronic commerce and that the managers should carry out the measurements by setting objectives that can be measured and the ones that that can increase the satisfaction of customers. In case the objective of the company is to build their brand, then the goals should be measured in terms of opinion polls and surveys from research that has been carried out. The aim of this is to increase the companys brand awareness. The company should come up with a team to carry out market research so as to find out the effects of a sales program and a marketing program. This team would help the organization to evaluate and to set goals for the initiatives of electronic commerce (Schneider, 2011). The company should also link the strategies with the objectives such as upstream and downstream strategies that would help the organization to focus on generating value and reducing costs and to improve value offered to customers. The initiatives inspire businessmen to carry out activities such as building web portals and virtual communities and also to manage the supply chain. The businesses are also inspired to purchase services and products, understand the needs of the consumers, and advertise their products and also to sell their services and products. These initiatives also help in improving the marketing programs that already exist and create brand awareness for the organization (Schneider, 2011).

Case Study: An English Language Learner

Case Study: An English Language Learner Introduction Second Language Acquisition (SLA) or L2 (language 2) acquisition refers to the process by which a person learns a second language, in addition to their first language (L1). Although it is referred to as SLA, it applies not only to the acquisition of a second language but a third and fourth also, covering any other language apart from the first (Stefà ¡nsson, 2013). The purpose of this case study is to provide a holistic depiction of an L2 English language learner relative to topics such as educational and cultural background, language learning experiences, language learning preference, the status of English in the learners home language as well as the extent to which the learner identifies with being bilingual/multilingual. This case study will draw upon the learners own experience while including relevant theories and literature. Finally, I will conclude this case study by making recommendations on any future developments the learner can make based on their own experience, my analysis of their language as well as drawing on relevant literature. For ethical reasons the learner will be referred to as Jane from here on. Jane is a 22-year-old Aston University student; living in Birmingham, West Midlands with her parents, who are both teachers, and her two siblings. Currently studying Sociology and International Relations, Jane enjoys reading novels in her spare time while holding down a part time job as a Waitress. English is one of three languages spoken by Jane. The first being Urdu, the language used to communicate with her parents and family back in her home country of Pakistan. English is used most commonly, used for daily life at university, work and occasionally at home but only with her two siblings. Lastly, French, which has been picked up as a third language. Jane Doe classes herself as an intermediate French speaker. Having taken a placement year in 2016, she has had the opportunity to develop her French while teaching English to learners in France for a year. Learners Background Although Jane is technically considered an L2 leaner she speaks English as a native speaker would, as well as understanding the grammatical and structural rules of English language, she is well versed in linguistic features such as idiomatic expressions and acronyms. Born in Lahore, Pakistans second largest city, she came to Britain at a young age with no proficiency in English language, neither spoken nor written. By the IELTS speaking band descriptors, Jane was a band one with no relatable English, unable to communicate. At the time the education system in Lahore only required children to start learning English in year 6, which meant she had not had the opportunity to learn English at school as she left in year 4. As English was not spoken in her home, she came Birmingham with only the ability to communicate in her home dialect, Urdu. Coming to Britain at such a young age gave Jane a slight edge when learning English as she found she picked things up a little quicker than if she ha d relocated at an older age. It is very common for primary schools in Birmingham to provide English language assists in primary education due to the high number of migrant families something along this lineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Fortunately, her primary school teacher had a teaching assist who happened to speak her dialect, this greatly aided her English language acquisition, as she had someone who could break down the difficult grammar and vocabulary in a language she understood. As English was not spoken in her home, school was her only medium for learning English and this support system not only improved her English but also her confidence, the ability to interact with native speakers drove her passion to want to learn English. She quickly found herself watching television programmes in English and reading English books. By the time she left primary school at 11, she was fluent in English. After two years of schooling and a combination of English language lessons, her English was already at an advanced level. Generally young learners have more of a positive attitude towards SLA and are highly motivated. Despite studies showing motivation in young learners beginning very high and decreasing over time (Nikolov and Djigunovic 2006), English has become somewhat of a passion for Jane. Although it was a necessary tool for her early years, she thoroughly enjoyed studying English Language and Literature at GCSE and A Level and plans to pursue a higher education programme in English Literature in the future. Effects of Bilingualism Most of the worlds population is multilingual. Two thirds of children globally are brought up in bilingual environments (Crystal, 1997). It is important to consider a learners environment when trying to form a well-rounded analysis of their L2, especially as a bilingual learner as there are more factors to consider. While bilingualism has not proven to have inherent negative effects on language development, there are many variables that affect a bilingual childs progress. These variables include the context in which language is learned, parental attitudes towards bilingualism, the status of the language(s) in the community and the socio-cultural context surrounding the childs growth (Bialystok, Majumder and Martin, 2003). The general encouragement a child receives while learning English as a second language tends differ per learner and their background. Regardless, a positive outcome is more likely to result from the encouragement and respect shown not only towards the second languag e but also the native dialect. Both factor and play an important role in a childs development and attitude towards language (Bialystok, 2008). SPEAK ON HER PARENTS BILINGUALISM ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENGLISH AT HOME AND IN HOME COUNTRY HOW TO THIS AFFECTED HER LEARNING ENGLISH Research Methodology Identify errors first then explain them Data collection is often used to set the direction and boundary for a study. Several factors are considered before data collection begins, including but not limited to: setting a time frame for collecting data (for this case study I only needed an afternoon as the interview took 25 minutes), deciding what type of participant is needed (an English language learner), and a location (Bryman, 2012). As the learner is also a student at Aston University, the interview took place in a private room in the university library. The primary aim of this case study is to devise a well-rounded representation of an English language learner, to do this effectively the planning and completion of an interview with a learner, was essential. Research shows that one of the most flexible and widely used methods of gaining information about a persons experience, feelings and views is through an interview (Oxford Journals, 2016). Interviews are a qualitative approach to data collection; they are one of several methods used to understand the underlying motivations and reasons behind a topic, to gain an insight into a problem or develop a hypothesis. Qualitative methods differ slightly, notably by analysis as opposed to collection. The analysis of quantitative methods employ more of a numerical approach to quantifying a problem, the data is usually transformed into useable statistics which is not a necessity for this study. Dr Nathan Page, a professor at Aston University, organised the pairing of learners. To make the process fair, several names of learners were placed into a hat and I picked a name at random. Prior to my interview I completed an ethics form as well as preparing the questions I planned to ask my learner. As the University Ethics Committee requires all research involving human subjects to submit ethics forms for review, my form had to be approved before I could progress with the interview. This also ensures my research meets the standards of ethical research expected by the University. My interview took place in week 11 of the first term in the 2016/17 academic year. In preparing for my interview I considered some of the ethical issues which could arise from my research such as; the sensitivity behind subject matters, the English proficiency levels of my learner and any discomfort that may arise during the interview. I recorded the interview for research purposes so I also had to conside r any issues which may result from this. To protect the learner, I addressed these issues by expressing their right to anonymity further emphasised with the use of a pseudonym throughout this case study. The recording was taken on a password protected device, not shared and will be deleted as soon as this research is completed. Their right to withdraw was made clear to the learner verbally and on a consent form, along with the other rights, which she signed prior to the interview. Taking point from Mann (2011) I ensured greater focused remained on myself during the interview, by influencing the learners responses to a certain extent I could effectively control the direction of the interview while still giving the learner flexibility to elaborate her answers. This minimised the risk to my safety while remaining mindful of the learner. Using co-construction, I could elicit certain details which were of relevance to my analysis that otherwise, may not have been obtained. Learners Educational Background I would classify Jane a sequential bilingual, Jane began learning English with a high proficiency in Urdu. Jane, Pakistan born, began her education in Lahore the countrys second largest city. The primary education system was slightly different in pre-2002 with English being introduced into the curriculum from year 6, as opposed to recent years where English has been taught to school children at a much earlier age (Coleman and Capstick, 2012). In Janes case learning English was an immediate priority once she arrived in England. During our interview Jane Doe talks about coming to England in 2002 with her family although her parents had relocated years before for work purposes. At 8 and a half, with no prior knowledge of English, she recalls reading newpapers and watching the news to gage some sort of understanding of the language before starting school. Fortunately, upon starting school an English language teaching assistant was present, easing the transition was made easier as the TA spoke her home dialect, Urdu. As the curriculum was taught in English, the teaching assistant ensured Jane Doe did not fall behind in her studies by acting as a translator, while also helping with her English language acquisition. [LINK TO SOME SORT OF STUDY OF TEACHING ASSISTS IN AREAS OF HIGH IMMIGRATION] In her first-year of learning English, Jane had after school classes to improve her English language, these were often very informal with few specialised activities to target grammar. Reflecting an audiolingual approach to teaching which is based on the behaviourist theory of learning, these lessons focused on oral practice, repetition, pronunciation and communication. Janes language teacher adopted more of a communicative approach teaching, which is reflected in the way she speaks today. Communicative language teaching aims to educate the learner on communicative competency as opposed to grammatical competency (Richards, 2006). Jane vividly recalls these lessons focusing more on vocabulary and helpful phrases. While they were helpful, she found her strength in language acquisition came mostly from watching English or Asian programmes with English subtitles or reading books and newspapers. As indicated by Altenaichinger (2003), CLT has been highly favoured by teachers over the past 2 0 years, scholars have also agreed because of the central focus on the learner and CLTs emphasis on communicative proficiency in teaching. In the early 2000s English was not as widely spoken in Pakistan, she found it difficult to rely on her parents for assistance as they had only began learning English two years prior and had little knowledge to help. Research shows that children find it easier to learn a second language as they are still learning the mechanics of their first language, they have not yet developed the advanced elements of grammar and still use simpler syntax making the standard fluency much lower (The Telegraph, 2013). Jane took it upon herself to learn English, she explains although it was necessary for school she genuinely enjoyed reading and still does, she frequently reads books and articles to improving her lexis. the extent to which the learner identifies with being bilingual/multilingual Analysis of Learners English As Jane acquired English through a largely unstructured approach, I will begin her language analysis by using Ellis and Barkhuizens (2005) Error Analysis (EA). Error analysis is a very important area of SLA and foreign language learning (FLL) (Jabeen, 2015). It is typically a good first step in analysis due to its systematic nature and while errors are not always bad, they play a crucial part in the process of learning a language. The theoretical framework of analysis will mirror Corders (1974) classification of errors into four principle categories; addition, omission, selection and ordering. Consider the sample below, an extract taken from my interview with Jane: J A N E: So yeah just like erm at some point it was like I need to teach them how to do this but you know erm- I NT E R V I E W E R: -mhm hmm- J A N E: -I donno know how to do it myself because Ive just learnt it- I NT E R V I E W E R:- you just picked it up J A N E: -Ive just picked it up so Ive never really learnt it from a book or anything erm speaking of grammar so it was just like you know we take it for granted that I can speak it but actually its really difficult to learn it, the English language, and I felt like that actually French was much easier to learn I NT E R V I E W E R: mhm hmm- J A N E: -than English was. _____________________________________________________________________________ Table 1 Lines 17 to 27 of Partial Transcription of Interview The sample of learner language in Table 1 was collected from a partial transcription of my brief and informal 25-minute interview with Jane, whose L1 is Urdu. It is important to consider these environmental factors when analysing the language. The sample was collected as part of this study, throughout the interview semi structured questions were used which allowed the learner to speak more freely. Some learners are exposed to different varieties of English language which differ from the standard dialect (Ellis, 1994). For example, in comparison with the norms of British standard English the utterance: Ive just picked it up so Ive never really learnt it from a book or anything is perfectly normal and often considered a colloquial form of speech. However, grammatically speaking including really falls under the category of an addition. Dulay, Burt and Krashen (1982), as part of their surface strategy taxonomy of errors, define additions as the presence of an item that must not appear in well-formed utterances. With that said, it is important to note never really has become normalised in British spoken English, especially in younger generations. Therefore, I would class this as more of a mistake than an error. Generally, errors arise from lack of knowledge and competency, which doesnt seem to be the case here, rather a processing problem in which the learner has fallen back on an alternative, non-standard rule that they find easier to access. Mistakes are a regular feature of native-speaker speech and can arise for several reasons; memory limitations, competing plans or lack of automaticity. By the IELTS speaking band descriptors, Jane falls within the remit of a band 8 (British Council), communicating fluently with occasional repetition with little self-correction. Points are developed coherently and appropriately while sentences remain error-free with a few non-systematic mistakes which can be overlooked. Consider the sample below, an extract taken from my interview with Jane: J A N E: You know when you go to the shops or the malls, they all [Pakistan locals] speak their own language, but now that I go back its a lot more modernà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I do live in a city Im not from the village sideà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I live in the second biggest city of Pakistan so now that Ive been back its quite modern- I NT E R VI E W E R: -mhmm hmm J A N E: So you know people will er dress er in er a erm westernised wayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ its very westernised so they speak English as well in their everyday lives they, they speak English maybe with their parents as well- I N T E R V I E W E R: -mhmm hmm Table 2 Lines 44 to 53 of Partial Transcription of Interview This data is extracted from my informal interview with Jane using unstructured open interview questions. Lets consider ordering. Dulay, Burt and Krashen describe misordering as the incorrect placement of a morpheme or groups of morphemes in an utterance. While discussing the status on English in her home country, Jane says: But now that I go back its a lot more modern Taylor (1989) points out the reason for this error may be psycholinguistic, sociolinguistic, or epistemic. Psycholinguistic reasons are more to do with the learners knowledge of language and difficulties with producing this knowledge. Sociolinguistic sources stem from the learners ability to adjust their language with the social context. Epistemic reasons centre around result of lack of world knowledge. As the error is repeated: so now that Ive been back its quite modern It has been disregarded as a mistake and as such will be analysed as an error. Competency errors can happen for three reasons, Richards (1971) distinguishes these as; interference, intralingual and unique. Interference errors can occur as a result of the use of elements from one language while speaking another. It is quite possible Jane has transferred the rules of discourse from her L1, Urdu, as the morphemes may be arranged that way in an equivalent sentence. The interview took on a very informal structure, the conversation reflected that of two friends talking in a social context. Therefore, analysing her language proved quite difficult to some degree, Janes speech reflects a native and many of her mistakes or errors are a feature present in native language speech. USE MORE EXAMPLES J A N E: -not a lot of people spoke Englishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I N T E R V I E W E R: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦hmm Recommendations for Learner For language learners, I believe it is vital to be exposed to opportunities which allow them to explore language in a classroom and to practice it in a social context. The notion that language is learned by doing has been at the forefront of teaching for many years however it doesnt necessarily relate to all learners. Although studies show that children learn language best through imitations, games and singing, moving forward I feel the activities that would benefit Jane most are those which focus on grammar. In spoken discourse, her fluency and accuracy enable her to converse very well with native English speakers. However, she is keen to build up her vocabulary and improve the complexity of language. By improving her grammar, Jane should find it easier to form more complex sentences without too much hesitation. 6) Recommendations for learner (relate to any identified development needs/what specific activities would you recommend? Why? can be linked to theories/literature) Bibliography Bialystok, E. (2008). Second-Language Acquisition and Bilingualism at an Early Age and the Impact on Early Cognitive Development. York University: Canada. Rev Ed Bialystok E, S. Majumder, MM. Martin. (2003). Developing Phonological Awareness: Is there a bilingual advantage? Applied Psycholinguistics; 24(1):27-44. British Council. https://takeielts.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/IELTS_Speaking_band_descriptors.pdf Bryman, A. (2012) Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Coleman, H. Capstick, T (2012). Language in Education in Pakistan https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/Language%20In%20Education%20in%20Pakistan.pdf Corder, S. P. (1974). Error Analysis. In J. P. B. Allen, S. Pit Corder (Eds.), Techniques in Applied Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press. Crystal, D. (1997). English as a Global Language. Cambridge University Press Dulay, H, M.Burt and S.Krashen. (1982). Language Two. New York: Oxford University Press Ellis, R (1994). The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press Ellis, R. Barkhuizen, G. (2005). Analysing Learner Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jabeen, A (2015) PDF on Destop Mann, S. (2011) A Critical Review of Qualitative Interviews in Applied Linguistics. Applied Linguistics, 32(1) 6-24 Oxford Journals, 2016 http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/tropej/online/ce_ch14.pdf Richards, J. (1971). A non-contrastive approach to error analysis. English language teaching journal 25: 204-19 Richards, J. (2006). Communicative Language Teaching Today. New York: Cambridge University Press Skehan, P. (2001). Tasks and Language Performance Assessment in Bygate, M, Skehan, P and Swain, M (eds). Stefà ¡nsson, E. G. (2013). Second Language Acquisition: The Effect of Age and Motivation http://skemman.is/stream/get/1946/15018/35741/1/BA_EinarG.pdf The Telegraph, 2013 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationopinion/10315238/Are-children-really-better-at-foreign-language-learning.html Appendix 1 Partial Transcription of Interview Interviewer: what are your thoughts about the English Language, specifically what are the feelings towards English in your home language and is it spoken in comparison to other languages? Is not spoken at all? (.) like whats the kind of status of it? Jane: erm (.) I think we take it for granted because erm (.) I think like in terms of like learning the grammar and so on Ive seen how difficult it is teaching English myself in France I: mhm hmm J: and I think we just take it for granted that we can speak English really well but erm (.) I: so you can (.) sorry to interrupt so you taught English while you were in France J:yeah I was teaching [English I: [that was your erm (.) [placement J: [yeah that was my job I: Interesting J: So yeah just like (.) erm at some point it was like I need to teach them how to do this but you know erm (.) I:mhm hmm J: I dont know how to do it myself because Ive just learnt it (.) I:you just picked it up J:Ive just picked it up so Ive never really learnt it from a book or anything erm (.) speaking of grammar (.) so it was just like you know we take it for granted that I can speak it but actually its really difficult to learn it (.) the English language (.) and I felt like that actually French was much easier to learn (.) I: mhm hmm J:than English was I:can you give me an example of the grammar (.) do you have any exercises that you perhaps were trying to use (.) to teach grammar (.) how were you trying to teach grammar and how was it harder J:erm (.) I did have a example but its just gone out my mind now erm (.) can we come back to that question I: yeah we can come back to that I: so going back to English in your home country, do people speak (.) if you went to a shop or you went to the cinema or you were in public (.) would people speak English or is it not really a language that is spoken? J: erm back then (.) so when I came here we used to go back to Pakistan every single [year I: [what year was that? J: that was (.) we came here in 2002 I:mhmm hmm J:and up until 2006(.) 2007(.) used to visit our family every single year so at that time (.) I:mhmm hmm J: not a lot of people spoke English I: hmm J: You know when you go to the shops or the malls (.) they all [referring to Pakistan locals] speak their own language (.) but now that I go back its a lot more modern (.) I do live in a city Im not from the village side (.) I live in the secondbiggest city of Pakistan so now that Ive been back its quite modern I:mhmm hmm J: So you know people will er (.) dress in a erm (.) westernised way (.) its very westernised so they speak English as well in their everyday lives they, they speak English maybe with their parents as well (.) I:mhmm hmm J: cause Ive seen my cousins erm whenever I speak to them over Skype (.) I:yeah J: or over the phone er (.) sometimes we just start speaking English and itsnormal so its like okay (.) I: thats so interesting J: you speak English really well and thats because its quite common to teach English now in schools because obviously teaching in year 6 is quite late (.) I: right J:so theyve started teaching them [earlier I:[so theyve moved the age up J:yeah I: so do you think if you were a child in Pakistan now (.) J:yeah I: say you left in year 4 again, do you think your English would have been better J: I would know er (.) some of the language if not like all of it (.) it would er (.) it wouldnt be like starting from scratch I: okay (.) so what are your thoughts on the English language on a global slash international scale (.) J: erm I:to give an example a lot of (.) political leaders (.) J: hmm I: a lot of conferences (.) a lot of important things are relayed in English J: mhmm hmm I: and (.) some people find that weird because English is only actually spoken by 8% of the world J: yeah I: by that (.) or any of your experiences (.) what are your thoughts (.) about English language on an international scale (.) obviously coming from being born in Pakistan coming here (.) and reflecting on how different it was then (.) J:mhmm hmm I: and now (.) and youve said yourself its westernised (.) what are your thoughts (.) Im not sure if Im making [much sense J: [I think (.) I think a lot of people associate the English language with being like intelligent (.) I:mhmm hmm J: so if youre able to speak English er you must be intelligent or you know you must be like highly educated or something but its (.) its just a language to me erm (.) cause Ive travelled (.) Ive travelled to so many places and (.) its just (.) among those languages English is just another language to [me I: [yeah J: so its not like (.) I understand erm you know a lot of (.) of these leaders they speak English and so because I think English is the one language that is (.) widely spoken but thats just (.) what we think I: yeah J: even though its not widely spoken but we assume that people (.) that wherever we go people will just know how to speak English I: mhmm hmm J: whereas they dont (.) so erm (.) does that answer your question I: yeah (.) J:[yeah I: [yeah it does answer my question J: okay I: so tell me about some of the difficulties you encountered while learning English erm (.) did it affect any of the languages you already speak or have spoken or (.) J: mhmm hmm I: did it improve them (.) did having another language already help you help English à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  - J: erm I think the difficulties I faced was erm (.) just (.) erm (.) well actually I dont know (.) just the difficulties that (.) erm you know just (.) the time it took me to learn the language I: mhmm hmm J: I mean I think it took me almost two and a half years (.) to be able to speak English fluently I:hmm J: so I could say that I did erm (.) affect (.) my school life I: hmm J: not in a (.) in a (.) like a bad way or something but because erm (.) its not like I got bullied or anything for my English or anything like that (.) erm I had a really good childhood but (.) I think it just kind of put me behind other students Causes Of Deficit: The Financing In Pakistan Causes Of Deficit: The Financing In Pakistan The aim of any government is to fulfill the socioeconomic responsibilities in order to break the vicious cycle of poverty and also uplift the economic conditions. In Pakistan it has been practiced that the aggregate of tax collection and no tax collection revenues are not ample to meet the government expenditure. To fulfill the gap between the spending and revenues so the economist used the perception of deficit financing. The government borrowing from banking and non banking sector and printing new currency is called deficit financing. Deficit financing shows the difference between projected expenditure and projected spending. To fill the gap of government borrows from 1) state bank of the country 2) borrow from commercial banks 3) borrows from non financial sector such as saving centers, insurance companies 4) the last source is printing new notes known as deficit financing. Deficit financing is a situation where government spends more money than its revenue collection. Deficit financing is used for different purposes the main purpose of deficit financing is used to end the recession when the economic activity slow down in order to retrieve the economy in the better situation. In the third world countries like Pakistan the deficit financing becomes the requirement due to bad governance, insufficient spending policies, corruption, tax evasion, and insufficient tax collection. In the west the phrase Deficit Financing is used to explain the intentionally create a difference between public revenues and expenditures or the budget deficit. This gap or difference can be filled by public borrowing, commercial banks, and central bank. The idle saving of is used to fill this gap that in turn increase the employment and output of the country. Deficit financing is the most important tool of generating capital in developing and underdeveloped countries. In developed nation the new currency notes are used to support the public investment that in turn increases the growth rate of a country. The government used the borrowed money for the development purposes i.e. railways, roads, air services, social overhead capital, schools, hospitals etc. The deficit financing is also used to increase the economic activity of a private sector in the country. The monetary expansion in developing countries attached with high rate of borrowing from banks and international sources to finance their budget deficit, budget deficit is the one factor that contributes in disequilibrium in the balances of payments. In developing countries governments are unable to mobilize or use their domestic resources due to inefficient tax system, in such countries the capital market are also underdeveloped and the interest rate determines institutionally. In such circumstances the supply of money increase that causes an increase in the price level. There are different sources of financing the economic development; these resources are domestic resources and foreign resources. Domestic resources are those in which the government finances through taxation, public borrowing, and the saving of government that include the surplus and also include the deficit financing. The foreign source of finance consists of loans, grants, and private investment. The significance of both domestic and foreign resources has their own in developing countries. The most important thing is used to execute these resources in a way that maximum benefit can be achieved for rapid development. 1.1 Background of the problem Pakistan is a large country with a population of 17.50 million in 2010. The economy of Pakistan is still facing the low level of per capita income that is stranded at 699 US $ in December 2012. In Pakistan the ratio of the budget deficit is different in different years. From last two decades the budget deficit is 5.4% to 8.7% of GDP. The average deficit rate was 6% in the period of 1970and it was 7.6% in the period of 1980.In 1990s the deficit ratio was decreased to 6.4% of GDP due to a reduction in development expenditure. The ratio was not achieved by enhancing the tax system but due to the reduction in the development expenditure. The Pakistan tax system is still narrow and punctured due to the poor and weak tax administration. The balance of payments deficit has become a permanent problem of Pakistans economy. For the last fifty years Pakistan has been facing continuously from a current account deficit. The international loans are used to finance the deficit. The debt service charged more than 5% of the GDP of the country. With large budget deficit there is need of rapid growth of domestic credit. In underdeveloped countries the role of free capital markets is limited. The main source of government deficit is financed by the banking system. Like other developing countries Pakistan is also facing a large budget deficit as the most outstanding problem. Deficit financing is also responsible for high inflation rate, decrease growth rate, and low opportunities for private investment. Pakistan faces different rates of the budget deficit in different years. In last two decade the budget deficit ratio was 5.4% -8.7% of GDP. The ratio was 7.6% in 1980s the ratio became 7.6% in 2001- 2002. The rate of budget deficit in Pakistan has grown consistently with the passage of time. At the time of 80sthe budget deficit has increased as much as faster than the early periods and touched the ratio of 8.4% in 1987-88. The rate of budget deficits has decreased to 7% but that ratio was also considered high one of the experts. Due to large budget deficit there was a high rate borrowing is used to responsible for an increase in the domestic debts since 1980-81. In the period of 90s the severe situation faced by the State Bank of Pakistan to control inflation within the targeted limit and make sure the macroeconomic stability. In the fiscal year of 1998 and 2003 the rate of inflation was 4.6% that were relatively lesser the best rate. In early 1973 and 1980 the inflation rate was two digit figures that were 14.3%. The rate of inflation controlled in the period of 1980 that was 7.2% per annum but unfortunately the rate of inflation again grown to 10% per annum. The high rate of inflation also caused due to excess money supply, fiscal imbalances, and deficit finance sources. 1.2 Problem Formulation Chaudhary and Hamid (2001) Pakistan are facing severe obstacles of generating public revenue. The persistent failure in attainment of public revenue leads the public sector to depend on public borrowing. The result is that the public debt goes to increase the rate of 90% of GDP and the rate of budget deficit increase to 8% of GDP. The figure of budget deficit lead to double digit inflation (ref). These imbalances adversely affect the economy. These problems all are interconnected with each other in order to decrease the public revenues that in turn create the hindrance to meet the needs of the public expenditures. In this regard the efforts are made to improve the taxation system that is not based on the scientific approach, thats why the to attain the target of achieving the projected target failed continuously. The result is that it is not only used to meet the demands of development projects because at that time it not able to meet the demand of the current expenditure. In Pakista n the less than 1% population is taxpayer. According to the economic survey of (1998-99) Pakistan has experienced the sustainable growth rate more than three decades till 1990. Pakistans economy grew at the rate of 6% per annum more than three decades but the situation became adverse in 1990. The collection of tax also became very adverse at a satisfactory level. The other developing nations like Pakistan at the age of early growth need to get higher revenue than the developed nations. Due to the obstacles that prevail in getting the higher growth rate this could lead to the unsustanability to survive. According to the economic survey of 1998-99 the growth rate of Pakistan goes to down at 4.5% per annum, the ratio was about 6% in the last 3 decades and same ratio was 3% for few years. The deficit finance is the result of failure in an increase in the public sector to increase their savings. The trend shows that the efforts made in collecting taxes do not meet the demand of the public. It is important to note that Pakistan is not attaining the targeting revenue through tax. According to world development report (1979, 1991and 1997) the rate of tax collecting in the other developing countries is 25%. In the period of 1998-99 the tax shortfall was approximately 20%; it shows that there is need of detailed study of the tax reform system. The economic crises over in 2008, Pakistan have enjoyed greater economic activity. The policy maker in Pakistans fights a battle against the crisis hit in 2008-2009. The sudden increase in the oil prices also causes the alarming situation for the deficit in foreign debt and also decrease the value of the rupee. Pakistan made efforts to seek the international monetary fund after the allies of China, USA, and Saudi Arabia to refuse to provide the funds to the country in October 2008. Pakistan has provided the US$ 1 billion loan for 23 months. Pakistan asked the IMF to raise their loan from US47.6 billion to US$ 12.1 billion in February 2009. In august 2009 the IMF increases the time span to 25 months and increase the grant to US$11. 3 billion to meet their financial needs. 1.3 Previous Studies Ishfaq and Chaudhary (1999)The debt history of Pakistan started in 1984-85, when the surplus revenues turned into a deficit. The fiscal deficit and debt converted into multiple rates. The total deficit rate was Rs 89.2 billion in 1990-91 that rate was increased to 66% in 1997-98 and approximately to Rs 148 billion. The domestic debt was increased to 185 percent the amount increased Rs 448 billion to Rs 1280 billion and foreign debt increased to 156 percent the amount was Rs 272 billion to Rs 697 billion in the same time period. Pakistan has an opportunity to do some measures for the establishment of the macroeconomic indicator rather than to go for deficit financing for generating the revenue. In the mid of the 2008 the Pakistan started registering the imbalance in the overall economy. At the end of the 2008 the Pakistan fiscal deficit was increased to $ 5.6 billion that exceed to $ 8 billion. The trade deficit also increases to $ 13 billion to $ 18 billion. Foreign reserve has fallen to decrease to $ 6.5 billion. (Baig, 2011) Pakistan forced to take the help from the IMF in order to get financing for the deficit finance of their economy. The help provided by the IMF was the package of $6.7 billion that was later increased to $ 11.3 billion in 2009. The IMF also helped Pakistan by providing bilateral and multilateral aid that also causes to increase external debt and liabilities to $ 54 billion from $ 41 billion in January 2008. Pakistan is also used to sovereign bonds and sindak bonds in order to use another form of deficit financing. This also creates a problem for a country to repurchase these bonds according to their specified time table or schedule because different countries have different foreign currencies. In these situation investors does not show their concern toward the investment. (Baig, 2011) These both measures are taken by the international market that is not so enough for the needs of the Pakistan and then government compelled toward the third mode of deficit finance monetization. The Pakistani government relies on the domestic borrowing that is the cause of disparities in the debt dynamics. The domestic debt borrowing increased to 24% in the mid of 2008. Pakistan domestic debt was multiplied from Rs 2610 to Rs 4490 in the fiscal year of 2007.At the end of March 2010 Pakistan domestic debt was $ 53.2 billion which was appoximately30.6% of GDP. All the source of the deficit finance is failing to attain the desired results and lead the economy toward the negative direction. By the mid of 2010 Pakistans total domestic debt reached to $ 100 billion and there is already paid interest about $5.6 billion and debt servicing amounted $ 7.6 billion annually that was expected to cross the limit of $ 10 billion after the fiscal year of 2010-11. (Baig, 2011) Deficit finance works only when there are such sound policies that direct the planners that how to spend money in a way that raise debt, generate revenues and also plan some actionable ideas that directs that how to repay the debt. For the attainment of all these targets there should be a need of honest and sincere governors that Pakistan does not have. In this way we are able to increase the debt and rising the liabilities that is useful for the upcoming generation to pay off that. The money that is used to spend on the future of the Pakistani people should also be spent on the future of Pakistan that could be served as the bureaucracy, foreign visit, corruption and government functionaries. Today the Pakistan debt situation is alarming and we have no plans that how to raise sustainable revenues and having no idea that how to accumulate the external and domestic debt. We have very few and tough choices to make serious and valuable decisions. (Baig, 2011) Causes of Deficit Financing in Pakistan The main causes of deficit financing in Pakistan are: Increase in government expenditure: The government expenditures both development and non development are increasing as time passes. The government has not been able to meet the expenditure by its revenues. Ineffective budget deficit: There are ineffective fiscal policies implemented in Pakistan and fiscal indiscipline also result the public debt. Fiscal deficit: The average fiscal deficit in 1990s was 7% of GDP. The public debt increased from 66% of GDP in 1980 that almost 100% by the mid of 2000. In 2004-2005 the fiscal deficit was 3.3% of GDP however; it increased to 4.2% in 2006-2007. Low saving: The people of Pakistan are consumption oriented. Due to high consumption rate the saving ratio was lower than 16%. Rapid population growth: The rapid population growth also a main cause to slow down the economic activity of a country. According to economic survey of 2007-2008 the population growth was 1.8%. In underdeveloped countries the increase in money supply is one of the major causes of disequilibrium in the balance of payment with heavy government borrowing from banks and as well as from international source of finance. In such developing countries government relies on the deficit financing due to unable to use their domestic sources due to the inflexible tax structure. The capital market of such underdeveloped nations is not able to determine the interest rate and the interest rate was determined by the institutions that in case the result of excess money supply. 1.4 Purpose Statement The rationale of this study is used to test the theory of association that relates the dependent variables and independent variables. Here in this study the factors (exchange rate, inflation, tax, interest rate) that is affected by the deficit financing are independent variables and GDP is dependent variable. Its individuality will be statistically restricted in this study. 1.5 Objective of Study The following objective will be paying consideration to guide the study: To study the impact of deficit finance on the exchange rate To analyze the effect of deficit financing on the tax rates. To study the impact of deficit finance on the interest rate. 1.6 Significance of Study Our study is about the impact of exchange rate, inflation, taxes and interest rate on deficit financing. In which we will see that how the factors are directly or indirectly affect by the deficit financing. LITERATURE REVIEW Mukhtar and Zakaria (2011) explain their study that, In the economic journalism, frequent models have been designed to examine the long-run association between inflation, money supply and budget deficit. However the proof from the observed literature is diverse. In 1990 De Haan and Zelhorst investigate the link between government deficit in budget and money growth in underdeveloped nations. The general conclusion of this study does not offer much sustained for the suggestion that government budget deficit causes monetary expansion and, therefore, leads to price increases. Vieira at (2000) examines the association between economic deficit and inflation in the case of six major European economies. The domino consequence present modest support for the proposal that the deficit in the budget was a significant causal reason for inflation in these economies over the most recent 45 years. Drivel and Ndungu (2001), as an active error correction model of inflation for Kenya, find that money s upply affect price only in the short-run. Though, the study by Catao and Terrones in 2003 shows that there is a strong positive affiliation between budget deficits and inflation among the underdeveloped countries as well as countries characterized by high inflation, but not among advanced economies with low-inflation. In the case of Pakistan, the study conducted to inspect the part of fiscal deficit as a major determinant of inflation also give mixed results. Bilquees in (1988) discover no connection stuck between deficit in the budget and inflation. In 1998 Neyaptis experiential study based on the data set for 44 underdeveloped and less developed nations indicates that the positive involvement between the deficit in the budget and inflation is not statistically important for a number of nations as well as Pakistan. On the other hand, in comparison to these studies, in 1994 Shabbir and Ahmed locate a constructive connection linking budget deficits and inflation in Pakistan. According to their result, if there will be a 1 percent increase in budget deficit there will be 6 to 7% increase in the general price level. According to Chaudary and Ahmed in 1995 explain that if internally finance the budget deficit mainly from banking system then there will be an inflationary pressure in the long run. The o utcome point to a constructive affiliation stuck between budget deficit and inflation during sharp inflation periods of the 1970s. The authors also find that money supply is not exogenous; rather, it depends on the location of global funds and fiscal deficit. Khan and Qasim in 1996 expose that the expansionary fiscal policy standpoint has been reflected in a weakening balance of payments position and has induced frequent down amendment in the rupee, which has caused the price level to increase. (Mukhtar and Zakaria, 2011) Afreen Baig in 2011 used to examine and study the impact of deficit financing in developed countries. The US government responded with unprecedented bank bailouts worth $700 billion and further $787 billion fiscal stimulus package. According to data compiled by Bloomberg, the US has spent or guaranteed bail outs worth $11.6 trillion, only little less than the worth of their total GDP. With Interest rates lingering around zero percent and around $300 billion already given in tax cuts this had to be the best possible approach. The wars after 911, in Afghanistan and Iraq, forced the national debt to swell from $5 trillion to $13.5 trillion today. Since 1770s, the US national debt has soared higher à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  fueled by wars, economic recessions and accumulated budget deficits. The USA had to deficit finance their economy out on every occasion, consequentially raising the debt to about 100% of their GDP. These days, USAs GDP is $14.3 billion dollars and a community debts of $13.92 billion dollars. Furthermore, the USA has a trade lack of $0.501 billion dollars and funds lack of $1.4 09 billion dollars. Their supplies are a negligible $129 billion dollars in evaluation of their nationwide failures, insufficient to back up the imbalances designed in the overall financial system. For USA, Deficit funding has not assisted generate that good incidents, to generate sufficient earnings, in order to get over the yearly failures or decrease their community debts. The economy shall keep warm up, unless the directing concept implemented is that of long term revenue creation and stability in the macro-economic signs with regard to their GDP. However, since Money is the source money in the world, there is hardly any possibility of US sovereign standard. (Baig, 2011) Similarly, the Economy of UK has not been that perfect, and decades of lack funding, including the present trance of relief and quantitative reducing, value around  £1.122 billion dollars and interest prices cut as low as 0.5%, in previous times two decades several weeks, from 4.5% in 2008 has not provided a substitute design for long-lasting financial development and durability. Today, UK the globes 5th biggest financial system, has a GDP of around $2.15 billion dollars and a public debt of $9.12 billion dollars. Furthermore, they have a business lack of $123 billion dollars and a fund deficit of $312 billion dollars, accented by their pitiable international supplies of $53 billion dollars. UKs external debt as the amount of their GDP has rocketed to 424% and the perspective to 2011 is as perturbing, as throughout the economic downturn period of 2007-2010, even after the various ways of deficit financing Despite whatever upgrades the financial experts predict, most of the Western economies keep warm up, are vulnerable to the tiniest sign of financial recession and the recovery begins flagging in any case, despite all efforts at lack reducing. The only reason for this warming up is that they have become amongst the globes maximum struggling with debt countries, due to years of lack funding, with their income creation not adequate to back up their development on their own. Most of these Western financial systems have become disaster-prone, unless they create resolute attempts to lower their debt to GDP rate, and further create sure you bring about equilibrium in their significant financial signs, even if they cannot accomplish budget surplus. (Baig, 2011) China providers however, has been in a fairly good position, mainly due to its balanced macro-economic signs and sensible guidelines. Genuine and identified cost-effective changes of late 70s set the stage for balance in an investment, industrial, local consumption, exports and income generation. Today, China providers an economic system with a GDP of above $5 billion money has a limited group cost-effective financial debt of merely $347 billion money dollars, a positive business excess of $190 billion money dollars, and a little budget absence of $109 billion money dollars. Extremely, China providers also maintain the planets biggest collected sovereign funds, foreign resources of $2.648 billion money. These encouraging set of macro-economic indicators enabled China providers to prevent international results of financial issues easily, however providing its local consumption, in wake up of low business goals. Lack financing worked for China providers it shored up on extra group s pending, as its group financial circumstances remained continuous throughout. The stimulus measures or absence financing, wishes to increase Chinas group cost-effective financial debt hardly by 3% of their GDP, without creating any problem. (Baig, 2011) Chinas projects to get over the repercussions of financial issues are much more commendable and more sensible, than any other country in the world. While most nations spend huge on bailing out financial institutions and financial companies to improve indirect resources for trading markets, China providers have offered direct employment and money activity in the trading markets. China providers released upon the most sensible of absence financing. (Baig, 2011) The government will be able to fund only 5% of its resources absence with international loans, throwing the rest of the economy problem on family sources of financing, helping the possibility of continuous excellent bolstering, excellent prices and low economic growth during economical period 2012. As a result of the cancellation of the $11.3 billion money dollars Globally Financial Finance (IMF) bailout program, which activated other worldwide loan providers to delay their financing as well, the government will be remaining with less than $526 million (Rs46 billion) in net external financing during the economical period completing May 30, 2012. This amount is just 5.3% of the resources absence, approximated at Rs856 billion money dollars or 4% of the complete size of the marketplace during the next economic period. Many professionals have regarded the concentrate on good at best. The rest of the Rs810 billion money dollars will have to be raised for the family market, for which the government is likely to turn to two sources, neither of which is delicious from the economical perspective. The first is credit from professional banking organizations, which drives out lending towards the personal market and reduces economical growth. The second choice is to power the main financial institution to simply make money, which is the single biggest cause of bolstering in the country. (The Express Tribune, May 26th, 2011) The government credit for funding of financial lack has improved the attention transaction to 58. 5 percent of the complete net approximated income during the present financial season, official documents revealed. The government has reserved Rs 699 billion dollars in the present financial season budget for attention transaction, which has now been improved to Rs 727 billion dollars due to credit by the government for funding of financial lack and great attention rate by the Condition Financial institution of Pakistan to acquire the blowing up. The complete approximated net income available with the government is Rs 1,242 billion dollars after Rs 993 billion dollar transfers to the regions against attention transaction of Rs 727 billion dollars during 2010-11. The Fund Ministry also acknowledged that community industry lack plays a role in inflationary pressure and shows dangerous for financial commitment and growth by increasing household investment and forcing up prices. The problem with the Condition Financial institution of Pakistan of funding the government financial lack is a negative aspect of the macroeconomic situation and deteriorates its ability to engage in a sound monetary plan. The reason behind this is that the funding of the lack takes up funds in the personal and banking industry which would otherwise be used for the financial commitment. The funding of the lack forced the Central Financial institution of Pakistan to keep prices great which get smaller credit to the personal industry and ultimately undermin es financial commitment. According to Fund Ministry after several decades from 2000 forward the country s community financial debt reduced and brought under a degree of management, the trend since 2008 has been towards improved indebtedness. This is true both for household financial debt, which had carried the main part of the problem of funding the community industry lack, and two exterior financial debts, in which the inevitable options to credit up to 9 billion dollars from the IMF to address the 2008 economic crisis, has left a heritage of substantial exterior financial debt repayment obligations for the coming 3-4 decades. This problem substantially reduces room for manoeuvring in community industry funding. This all happened because of a failure by the government to implement the financial plan as on the one side it was able to mobilize resources by bringing casual areas in the tax net while however it was not ready to manage investments. (31 May 2011 BUSINESS RECORDER WWW. FO REXPK .COM) Gaber in 2010 explain the financial plan symbolizes strong instrument which through community expenditure and taxation can have an impact on the combination need for goods and solutions in the economic system. The budget lack plan, excessive community financial commitment upon collecting community earnings, is started because of the economic growth impact. Through the household and organization choices that modify the money supply or level of taxation, there is oblique impact of the combination need bend. But with public expenditure involved from the government, there is a direct impact on the aggregate need bends. If we assume that the government made a buy of some community good, for example flat lands, it will improve the combination need. But is the amount of change the same as the preliminary community expenditure? Therefore, we are faced with two macroeconomic results. The first, multiplier impact indicates that the movement in the combination need will be bigger than they buy, but the second one crowding out indicates that the combination need modify will be smaller than the preliminary community financial commitment that can be seen the latter. However, improved need leads to with bigger engagement of the workforce and higher earnings of the organization. That kind of modern impact is relocated to the worker wages and other organization earned, which results to improve of consumption of different goods and solutions. So the state need for planes increases the need for other companys products in the economic system. Because an increase in the combination need is bigger than the preliminary government financial commitment, it is said that the government investing has growing impact on the aggregate demand. This implies that there is a review between the greater aggregate demand and the earnings which consistently leads towards greater need, then again to greater earnings etc. All these results imply that the total impact on demand goods and solutions will be bigger in respect to kick off point of the government financial commitment. Also, that could start response from the financial commitment side as a reply to the increased need of goods and solutions. That would mean an additional investment in the plain organization for new plant, equipment and so on. In this case, the higher government investing produces greater financial commitment products need. This is known as financial commitment decrease. (Gaber,2010) Multiplier effect could be obtained from the individual investing multiplier where the minor tendency to eat (MPC) is the essential factor the aspect of the extra income that the family takes in instead of preserving it. The multiplier = 1+MPC+MPC2+MPC3+=1/ (1-MPC). It shows the need for products and services created upon 1 European of government financial commitment. The multiplier reasoning indicates to any part of the GDP, and not only to the government financial commitment, as customer investing, financial commitment and net trade. So, if it acquires decrease in the net trade of some nation, for example, in the amount of 1 million European, the decrease in nations products will put stress on the national Income and therefore will decrease the household customer investing. With MPC=4, the net trade decrease of 1 thousand European will mean shrinkage in the aggregate need from 4 thousand European. (Gaber,2010) This is only the first device of the financial plan, public financial commitment, but there is another taxation, which also can have effects on nationwide income. That can be seen through the personal income tax. Decrease in this tax will improve the household income that the individuals take home. One aspect is stored and the other is consumed. Because of taking changes, there is action in the aggregate demand bend to the right. Reverse, tax improve will decrease investing and move the combination need bend to the left3. Therefore, the multiplier and frequenting out effect is also regular for the second instrument of the financial plan. When the